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Mutations in the FGFR2 are responsible for 50 % of mutations within this multifaceted syndrome. Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with a number of distinguishing characteristics, including craniosynostosis, maxillary hypoplasia, exophthalmos, and multiple other features. Early intervention, both medically and surgically, as well as disciplined follow-up with the pediatric provider are crucial to the management of this disorder. In particular, management should address cranial suture release, midfacial advancement, evaluation for hearing deficits, and obstructive sleep apnea, with expedient intervention for airway compromise and increased intracranial pressure.

Sarcoidosis is a complex disorder that often times involves the head and neck. Despite the presence of strong clinical evidence, tissue diagnosis and imaging is needed for confirmation of the disease. Although typically managed medically, when found in the sinonasal tract or intracranially, it may necessitate the intervention of a rhinologist-skull base surgeon. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive review of head and neck sarcoidosis, as this fascinating disorder often poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A brief discussion of surgical treatment for pituitary lesions is also provided. Articles from 1997 to 2013 were selected and reviewed by three researchers utilizing the most recent literature regarding sarcoidosis in the head and neck. PubMed searches were conducted using search terms such as "sarcoidosis", "neurosarcoid", and "extra-pulmonary sarcoid", among many others. A large collection of articles was generated and reviewed by the team of authors, and appropriate information was extracted to compose a thorough and expansive review of the subject. 10-15 % of patients with sarcoidosis have head and neck manifestations. Sinonasal and pituitary sarcoidosis presents a diagnostic challenge owing to its non-specific symptoms. Although systemic steroid therapy is often the first time treatment, endoscopic surgery is commonly used to treat advanced pituitary sarcoidosis refractory to medical management. As tissue diagnosis and imaging is key, a multi-disciplinary team approach is advantageous. Our study collates the available literature on head and neck sarcoidosis to provide a comprehensive review of the subject. This provides helpful information to guide all practitioners involved in the care of these challenging patients, namely pathologists, radiologists, otolaryngologists, and skull base surgeons, in the workup and management of head and neck sarcoidosis.

Calvarial reconstruction is a challenge to reconstructive surgeons, especially considering protection of intracranial contents. In recent years, the advent of multiple reconstructive materials adds tools to the surgical armamentarium. Options include autologous split calvarial and rib grafts and alloplastic materials such as titanium mesh, methyl methacrylate, calcium hydroxyapatite, and polyetheretherketone. The most important aspect of cranial reconstruction still lies in finding the most aesthetic, safe, and reliable means of filling a defect.