Early treatment of acute fibroinflammatory airway lesions has the potential to favorably modify the natural history of postintubation tracheal injury, raising the tantalizing possibility of an early cure. These findings have significant implications for early identification, referral, and treatment of postintubation tracheal stenosis and need to be confirmed with further studies.

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Several simulator platforms particularly in temporal bone surgery and endoscopic sinus surgery are worthy of incorporation into training programmes. Standardised metrics are necessary to guide curriculum development in Otolaryngology.

Simulator-generated objective metrics can be used to differentiate individuals of differing levels of experience using a standardized temporal bone task. VR simulation has potential as a training tool and may have a role in both formative and summative assessment.