The aim of the present study is to assess whether reinforcing imagery affects the emotional valence and effectiveness of pro-environmental public service announcements (PSAs). Two experiments that utilized PSAs constructed from a combination of text-based appeal and an image were carried out. The first experiment used the following appeals; (1) highlighting injunction, (2) highlighting injunction together with a negative descriptive norm, and (3) highlighting injunction together with a positive descriptive norm. These appeals were written on a photograph that either depicted nature scenery or the same scenery with digitally added litter. The results of the first experiment demonstrated that a congruent combination of text appeals highlighting injunction together with a positive descriptive norm and positive descriptive imagery elicits the most positive emotions when compared to other appeal and image combinations. The second experiment demonstrated that appeals with positive descriptive norms and an injunctive message coupled with a congruent descriptive image affect behavioral intention more than appeals with an injunctive only message coupled with a congruent descriptive image, thus demonstrating the additive effect of descriptive imagery and appeals presented together.

A study was conducted in order to examine the emotional effects of content and hue interacting in the same image. To achieve this goal, self-reported (based on Self-Assessment Manikin [SAM] scale), physiological (pupil diameter and skin conductance response), and behavioral (eye movement) measures were used in response to a set of photographs selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Each of them was a combination of 1 type of content (natural or urban) and 1 type of image version (original, grayscale, green, or red). The results revealed that participants' emotions were dependent on specific contents, hues, and content ϫ hue interactions. The natural content elicited more positive and less arousing emotions compared to the urban one. Green images were less arousing compared to red ones, and original images elicited the most pleasant emotions. Moreover, green was the only hue for which valence effects of content were observed-the natural content-green color combination elicited more positive emotions compared to the urban content-green color combination. Results emerging from the different measures are connected to each other and interpreted in the framework of cognitive fluency. Pupil dilation on the one hand, and eye movements and fixations on the other hand, which respectively provided data on vegetative responses and visual search strategies, were often found to embody the emerging emotional experience.

Introduction. Globalization has created a market dynamic that demands higher levels of efforts from employees and requires true expertise in leadership. Recent ethical scandals in business turned scientists' attention to an ethical leadership. Despite the growing number of studies, that analyze ethical leadership outcomes, there is still a lack of research, that would integrate them and expand the understanding of how ethical leadership impacts employee attitudes and behavior. Organizational commitment (as an attitude), and employee voice (as a behavior) are useful both for organization and employees themselves. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between perceived ethical leadership, organizational commitment, and employee voice. Methodology. 228 private sector employees (165 women and 63 men) from different educational backgrounds participated in the survey. Their age ranged from 19 to 69 years (average-28) and the average work experience in a current organization was 4 years. An online survey with three questionnaires-M. E. Brown, L. K. Trevino, D. Harrison (2005) ethical leadership scale, a modified version of J. P. Meyer et al. (1993) organizational commitment scale, L. Van Dyne and J. A. LePine (1998) employee voice scale-was used in this study. Additionally, some sociodemographic questions were included. Results. It was found that the more a leader is perceived as ethical, the more employees are willing to share their comments about work related issues. Moreover, organizational commitment was positively related to employee voice. The results of the study also showed that the more a leader is perceived as ethical, the greater employee organizational commitment is. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between these three phenomena showed that effective commitment partially mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and employee voice. Conclusions and implication. Previous research showed that organizational commitment was associated with higher job satisfaction, better work performance, organization's goal INFORMATION

The aim of the present study was to investigate the perceptions of differently worded and illustrated public service announcements (PSAs). The results of the first experiment revealed that participants were inclined to show the most preference for those PSAs that highlighted the extent of the problem if the appeals were not accompanied by an image; if the appeals were accompanied by an image, participants preferred the appeals that directly requested the change of behavior. Results of the second experiment revealed that when leaflets had no images, people preferred the appeal that highlighted the problem, however when an image was next to the appeal, people preferred the requestbased appeal.

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