The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼ 40,000 and ∼ 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼ 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼ 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.
-(Tree population and community dynamics in a Brazilian tropical semideciduous forest). The dynamics of the tree community and 30 tree populations were examined in an area of tropical semideciduous forest located on the margin of the Rio Grande, SE Brazil, based on surveys done in 1990 and 1997 in three 0.18 ha plots. The main purpose was to assess whether variations in dynamics were related to topography and the effects of a catastrophic flood in 1992. Rates of mortality and recruitment of trees and gain and loss of basal area in two topographic sites, lower (flooded) and upper (non-flooded), were obtained. Projected trajectories of mean and accelerated growth in diameter were obtained for each species. In both topographic sites, mortality rates surpassed recruitment rates, gain rates of basal area surpassed loss rates, and size distributions changed, with declining proportions of smaller trees. These overall changes were possibly related to increased underground water supply after the 1992 flood as well as to a c. 250-year-old process of primary succession on abandoned gold mines. Possible effects of the 1992 flood showed up in the higher proportions of dead trees in the flooded sites and faster growth rates in the flood-free sites. Species of different regeneration guilds showed particular trends with respect to their demographic changes and diameter growth patterns. Nevertheless, patterns of population dynamics differed between topographic sites for only two species.
e Nilton Curi 5 RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar correlações da distribuição de espécies arbóreas com variáveis ambientais em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual conhecido como "Mata do Galego", o qual possui cerca de 77 ha e está localizado a 21°29'S e 44°55'W, às margens do rio Ingaí. O levantamento da comunidade arbórea, dos solos e da topografia foi realizado por meio de amostragem sistemática, em 32 parcelas de 20 x 20 m, distribuídas em três transeções, da margem do rio até a borda da mata. Foram registrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos, vivos, com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) ≥ 15,5 cm. As variáveis químicas e físicas do solo foram obtidas das análises de amostras superficiais de solo (0-20 cm) de cada parcela. As variáveis topográficas foram obtidas por meio de um levantamento topográfico dentro e entre parcelas. Foram inventariados 2.343 indivíduos de 159 espécies, 50 famílias e 109 gêneros. As análises de gradientes, realizadas por meio de análise de componentes principais, análise de correspondência canônica e análise de correspondência retificada, indicaram que as parcelas localizadas em áreas de transição com campo de altitude foram as que mais se diferenciaram das demais. As variáveis relacionadas com a acidez e textura do solo apresentaram maior correlação com a distribuição das espécies.Palavras-chave: Floresta semidecidual, comunidade arbórea e variáveis ambientais. EFFECTS OF SOILS AND TOPOGRAPHY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TREE SPECIES IN A FRAGMENT OF TROPICAL SEASONAL FOREST IN LUMINÁRIAS, SE BRAZIL
-(Distribution of tree and shrub species along a gradient of soils and topography in a strip of riparian forest of the São Francisco River in Três Marias, MG, Brazil). A survey of the community of trees and shrubs, topography and soils of a fragment of tropical semideciduous and tropical deciduous forests was carried aiming at assessing alleged correlations between the variations in physiognomic structure and species composition and variations in soil water regime and chemical fertility. The forest fragment, with an area of 12 ha, is situated on the right margin of the Rio São Francisco (18°05'26" S and 45°10'54" W), Três Marias municipality, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. A topographic survey and a detailed soil classification were accomplished in the forest area. Individual trees and shrubs with diameter at the base of the stem (dbs) ≥ 5 cm were sampled in 50 plots with 15 × 15 m. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm of depth) were collected from each plot for analyses of chemical and textural properties. The survey registered 1,449 individuals belonging to 117 species, 83 genera, and 33 families, as well as three soil subgroups and five drainage classes. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the environmental variables and species abundances indicated that they are distributed in the fragment under a strong influence of drainage regime and chemical fertility of the soils, suggesting that the availability of water and mineral nutrients are the chief environmental variables determining species distribution in the forest.Key words -riverine forest, soil-vegetation relationship, tree and shrub community, tropical deciduous forest RESUMO -(Distribuição de espécies arbóreo-arbustivas ao longo de um gradiente de solos e topografia em um trecho de floresta ripária do Rio São Francisco em Três Marias, MG, Brasil). Foi realizado um levantamento da comunidade arbóreo-arbustiva, da topografia e dos solos de um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual aluvial e estacional decidual submontana, com o objetivo de verificar as possíveis correlações entre variações da estrutura fisionômica e da diversidade e composição de espécies e variações do regime de água e fertilidade química dos solos. O fragmento florestal, com área de 12 ha localiza-se à margem direita do Rio São Francisco (18º05'26" S e 45º10'54" W), no município de Três Marias, MG. Foram realizados um levantamento plani-altimétrico da área e uma classificação detalhada dos solos da floresta. Foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 15 × 15 m para amostrar os indivíduos arbóreo-arbustivos com diâmetro à altura do solo (DAS) ≥ 5 cm. Amostras do solo superficial (0-20 cm de profundidade) foram coletadas nas parcelas para análises das propriedades químicas e texturais. Foram registrados nas parcelas 1.449 indivíduos distribuídos em 117 espécies, 83 gêneros e 33 famílias, bem como três subgrupos de solos e cinco classes de drenagem. A análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) das variáveis ambientais e da abundância das espécies indicou que estas se distrib...
-(Structural variations of the arboreal component of a tropical upper montane semideciduous forest in the Perdizes Plateau, Carrancas, SE Brazil). The tree community of an area of upper montane forest situated in the Perdizes Plateau, SE Brazil (21º36'S and 44º37'W), was surveyed with the purpose of assessing the correlations between their structural variations and environmental variables related to the substratum and edge effect. Variations were analyzed for physiognomic structure (tree density, basal area and size distribution) and community structure (species composition, distribution and diversity). Individual trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm were surveyed within 30 plots of 20 × 20 m where topographic data and samples of surface soil were also collected, the latter for chemical and textural analyses. The survey totaled 2,565 individual trees, 218 species, 116 genera and 55 families, on three soil classes: Litholic Neosols, Humic Cambisols, and Regolithic Neosols. The studied tree community corresponds to the floristic and physiognomic features of the upper montane forests of southeastern Brazil, differing from those of lower altitudes in the same region. Variations in species diversity and composition and in physiognomic structure showed correlations with environmental variables, making up two distinct vegetation formations: (a) a less diverse and taller tree community in the well-drained areas of the forest interior, corresponding to the Humic Cambisols and Regolithic Neosols; and (b) a more diverse and shorter tree community in the strongly drained and sloping areas of the forest edge which correspond to the Litholic Neosols. The presumably more heterogeneous environment of the forest edge is probably responsible for its higher species diversity.Key words -edge-effect, species diversity, species-environment relationship, tree community, tropical montane semideciduous forest RESUMO -(Variações estruturais do compartimento arbóreo de uma floresta semidecídua alto-montana na chapada das Perdizes, Carrancas, MG). Realizou-se o levantamento da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta semidecídua alto-montana situada na chapada das Perdizes, Carrancas, sul de Minas Gerais (21º36'S e 44º37'W), com o propósito de avaliar as correlações entre variações estruturais e variáveis ambientais relacionadas ao substrato e ao efeito borda. Foram analisados aspectos da estrutura fisionômica (densidade, área basal, e distribuição de tamanhos das árvores) e comunitária (composição, distribuição e diversidade de espécies). Foram alocadas 30 parcelas de 20 × 20 m para amostragem dos indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm, onde também foram coletados dados topográficos e amostras de solo superficial para análises químicas e texturais. Foram registrados 2.565 indivíduos, 217 espécies, 116 gêneros e 55 famílias, em três subgrupos de solos: Neossolos Litólicos, Cambissolos Húmicos e Neossolos Regolíticos. A comunidade arbórea estudada corresponde ao perfil florístico e fisionômico das fl...
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