Widespread overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of numerous antibiotic-resistant bacteria; among these are antibiotic-subsisting strains capable of surviving in environments with antibiotics as the sole carbon source. This unparalleled expansion of antibiotic resistance reveals the potent and diversified resistance abilities of certain bacterial strains. Moreover, these strains often possess hypermutator phenotypes and virulence transmissibility competent for genomic and proteomic propagation and pathogenicity. Pragmatic and prospicient approaches will be necessary to develop efficient therapeutic methods against such bacteria and to understand the extent of their genomic adaptability. This review aims to reveal the niches of these antibiotic-catabolizing microbes and assesses the underlying factors linking natural microbial antibiotic production, multidrug resistance, and antibiotic-subsistence.

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Background: Nutrient deficiency after malabsorptive bariatric procedure is a common phenomenon. The study aims to determine the prevalence of nutritional insufficiencies (specific with Ascorbic acid, Cobalamin, calciferol and calcium) in obese population opting for One Ananstomosis Gastric Bypass surgery (OAGB), and also to understand the association of these nutrients with change in Body Mass Index (BMI) after the surgery. Methods: One hundred fifty subjects comprising males and females aged 20-60 years were randomly selected at a bariatric center in India. Subjects belonged to both grade III and grade II obesity. Plasma aa, serum vitB12, serum VitD3 and serum calcium concentrations were prospectively assessed at 0m, 3m, and 6m of surgery through high-performance liquid chromatography. Result: The values of nutrients beyond the standard levels are considered as deficiency. Both follow up values showed a significant increase in cobalamin, Calciferol, and ascorbic acid levels compared to baseline data. Conclusion: Nutrition depletion and deficiency are often seen in post bariatric cases. The contributing factors included high BMI, food intolerance, and non-adherence to supplements and correct dietary regimens. With the correction of weight and comorbidities, the levels also showed a stable and positive level. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 695-708

The world today is going through a series of uncalled events, that has hindered the balance of livelihood in the current population. This is due to the emergence of the COVID-19 but along with that, the COVID-19 has accompanied several other rare and extremely fatal fungal infections under its shadows, such as the Mucormycosis. Mucormycosis is caused particularly in the immunocompromised hosts by the saprophytic fungi of Mucorales species. This infection leads to several clinical conditions, under the influence of the COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis, commonly being the conditions such as the rhino-cerebral disease. This condition occurs mainly in the patients with diabetes mellitus. Several other respiratory, gastrointestinal and cutaneous contaminations also occur during this condition. COVID-9 accompanied with diabetes mellitus can be extremely life threatening. Now, there are several predisposing factor to the Mucormycosis which could accompany the severity of the conditions such as the Ketoacidosis in the patients with diabetes mellitus, patients on the immunosuppressive therapies, previous pulmonary infections and other nosocomial contaminations. There are no specific biomarkers available to diagnose Mucormycosis; Histopathological examination of the biopsied tissue and imaging of the involved area are most important in diagnosis. Mucormycosis being an angioinvasive fungus, usually is present in the surroundings with wet surfaces and dead and decaying vegetable matter. The term black fungus is used as in for the dematiaceous fungi, which are an entirely different group. Since the COVID-19 pandemic is on it’s massive widespread in the country, the new variant being more infectious, people are more tend to some other complications of the COVID-19 contamination such as that of the secondary fungal infections causing high mortality rates.