Over the past four years, we have been developing an in situ surfactant‐washing method to decontaminate soil systems. This study addresses another major step in that development: a field test of the surfactant‐washing method at a site contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and oils. A test plot, 10‐ft diameter by 5‐ft deep, was selected in an area of high levels of contaminataion. The study involved applying a surfactant solution on the plot to wash the site material and carry the leachate down to the depressed water table, where it was collected by pumping a recovery well installed through the center of the plot. The leachate pumped to the surface was biotreated to degrade the oils and surfactant, and the PCBs were removed from the leachate by an activated carbon system. Soil cores from the test plot indicated concentrations of up to 6,223 mg/kg PCBs and 67,000 mg/kg oils. The test plot initially contained about 15 kg of PCBs and 157 kg of oils. The hydraulic response of the test plot to washing was monitored by measuring the water levels in wells around the test plot and the fluid pressure and saturation through the plot. These real‐time data were used to adjust the surfactant‐application rate to minimize lateral spread of the surfactant and leachate and the pumping rate to capture all the leachate by the recovery well. The response of contaminant concentrations in the test plot to washing and the performance of the leachate‐treatment system were also monitored during the test by collecting and analyzing samples from the recovery well and from the treatment system. An on‐site laboratory was used for these analyses. During the 70 days of the washing test, 5,375 gallons of a 0.75% aqueous surfactant solution was applied on the test plot at an average rate of 77 gal/day. During the same period, 10,981 gallons of leachate were recovered at an average rate of 157 gal/day. A total of 1.6 kg of PCBs and 16.9 kg of oils (about 10% of the initial mass) was washed from the test plot during the test. Maximum concentrations of 65 mg/1 PCBs and 709 mg/1 oils were measured in leachate samples. The leachate was adequately treated before it was discharged. These test results indicate that in situ surfactant washing is a promising candidate for the remediation of contaminated soil systems.

One of the problems of the fishing community of milkfish (Chanos chanos) Mootinelo Village, North Gorontalo District was the selling price of fish is cheap. That was because the milkfish has many thorns so that less favored communities. However, milkfish has a high excess nutrients especially unsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (ω3) reached 14.2 and a protein content of 20. In relation with it, this activity aims to increase the sale value of milkfish through training activities thorn fish and diversified products. The method used was the training activities thorn fish, dan accompaniment of activities to pull out the fish milk spines to produce diversification products, followed by mentoring partner groups, especially women and households, as well as the surrounding communities who have the desire to entrepreneurship. The activities were practiced partner groups thorn fish suit the morphology and position structure thorns fish. The result was a fish without spines can be sold to consumers or processed into products, such as nuggets, meatballs, krispy milkfish, and a traditional menu of Gorontalo fish area such as rica-rica and woku fish. The conclusion is milkfish without spines have a profitable business opportunity with the increase in the selling price of milkfish without spines. It can increase the income of fishing communities in the fish ponds in the Mootinelo Village, North Gorontalo District.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The research aims to develop an instructional tool based on Discovery Learning (DL) combined with a Metacognitive Knowledge Strategy (MKS) to enhance students’ Critical Thinking Skills (CTSs). In doing so, the study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method to develop such a tool. The developed instructional tool was tested for its validity by experts and practitioners’ evaluation. Further, the empirical data were collected from the results of implementation in learning and the student's responses, while the data of tools effectiveness were acquired from the critical thinking tests given to students (analyzed by related t-test). The developed instructional tools were implemented in a limited-scale trial of 32 students and a large-scale trial of 59 students. The results show that: firstly, the DL and MKS-integrated instructional tools are stated as valid in terms of the lesson plan, student worksheet, and critical thinking test. Secondly, the practicality criteria have been successfully met; the learning implementation, students’ activity, and students' responses were regarded as in accordance with the feasibility standard. Thirdly, the instructional tool was deemed effective in enhancing students’ CTSs (p = 0.05).</p>

A laboratory study was undertaken to evaluate the flow of the following organic solvents and their aqueous solutions through bentonite and kaolin clays: benzene, toluene, p‐xylene, nitrobenzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, ethyl acetate, 2‐butanone, and phenol. In each experiment, one pore volume of a 0.005 N CaSO4 solution (water) flowed through the clays, followed by several pore volumes of an aqueous solution of one of the organic solvents, and then by about three pore volumes of the neat organic solvent. The hydraulic conductivity for the aqueous organic solutions was not significantly different from those for water, and ranged from 4.6 × 10‐7 to 14.4 × 10‐7 and from 0.6 × 10‐7 to 0.8 × 10‐7 cm/sec through the kaolin and bentonite clays, respectively. The flow of the neat solvents through either the bentonite or kaolin clay increased by up to two orders of magnitude. The aqueous solutions did not change the physical appearance of the clays. In general, the more hydrophobic solvents caused the clays to shrink, producing distinct large vertical cracks. The hydrophilic solvents typically caused the clays to aggregate and fracture, forming a network of cracks. The kaolin clay appeared to aggregate more readily than the bentonite clay. The higher swelling of the clays in water than in the neat organic solvents likely caused the physical changes in the clays and the rapid flow of the neat solvents through them.

Jagung varietas Momala Gorontalo merupakan jagung varietas lokal Gorontalo, namun belum dikenal secara luas oleh masyarakat Gorontalo. Oleh karena itu informasi tentang jagung ini harus diperbarui setiap tahunnya dengan melakukan berbagai macam penelitian sehingga dapat melestarikan kembali jagung lokal dikalangan masyakarat Gorontalo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakterisasi morfologi dan analisis proksimat jagung (Zea mays,L.) varietas Momala Gorontalo. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi yakni melakukan observasi terhadap jagung varietas Momala Gorontalo. Analisis data menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Karakter morfologi jagung Momala Gorontalo yaitu rerata tinggi tanaman 146,47 cm; rerata tinggi tongkol 73,88 cm; rerata lingkar batang 8,46 cm; rerata jumlah daun 12 helai; rerata panjang helaian daun 86,59 cm; rerata panjang pelepah daun 16,25 cm; rerata lebar daun 8,71 cm; rerata arah helaian daun sedikit melengkung; rerata sudut Axilla daun 39,95o(derajat); rerata bentuk ujung daun runcing; rerata pewarnaan antosianin pada ruas 5,086%; pada bulir 5,86 %; pada rambut jagung 83,76 %. Rerata Panjang tongkol 12,58 cm; rerata diameter tongkol 3,34 cm; rerata bobot tongkol dengan kelobot 88,58 g, rerata bobot tongkol tanpa kelobot 60,74 g, rerata jumlah biji per baris 20 biji, Berat 1000 butir 272 g. Kandungan proksimat jagung Momala Gorontalo untuk kadar air yaitu 14,82±0,04%; kadar abu yaitu 1,35±0,01%; kadar protein kasar yaitu 11,51±0,24%; kadar lemak kasar yaitu 4,62±0,48%; kadar karbohidrat yaitu 67,68±0,67%; nilai BETN yaitu 58,36±0,93% dan nilai energi metabolis yaitu 2886,25 ± 14,68 Kkal/100 g.