Kos Island, which was connected to the Eyalet of the Archipelago (Eyālet-i Cezāyir-i Baḥr-i Sefīd in Ottoman Turkish), is one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean. Only a quarter of the island's nearly ten thousand population was Muslim. The main source of livelihood on the island was agriculture and maritime activities. Kos had a history going back to BC. Especially in the place known as “Hisarlık”, the Ottoman government sought someone for excavations; Doctor Rudolf Herzog, one of the teachers of Tübingen, was given permission to excavate at certain intervals. Rudolf Herzog excavated from 1900 to 1904, built a building on the excavation site and stored the excavated artifacts here. Hisarlık land was purchased so that the excavation area belonged to the state. Again, the state commissioner was appointed to ensure supervision during the excavation; the works in the ruins of Hisarlık continued for a while by moving to İncirli Village. Especially with the beginning of the excavation works, a council consisting of the notables of the island was established, and every kind of help was given to Herzog to examine the works by copying method. Precious artifacts from the excavation area were sent to Istanbul to the Imperial Museum (Imperial Museum). For his valuable contributions, Herzog was awarded a state medal. After these studies, Kos Island attracted more attention of European scientists, and Hisarlık Ruins became the place where many scientists, especially Germans, came with the permission of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti). In 1912, together with Rhodes, the Italians occupied the island, and after seizing the administration, they established their dominance over many institutions as they wished. In our article, the Hisarlık excavations that started on the island of Kos in the traces of the archive documents in the Presidency Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives and how this excavation was carried out; It has been tried to explain how the influx of scientists, which became famous after the end of this excavation, and how the situation on the island was affected by the Italian occupation.

The frigate was the most common type of ship constructed on Rhodes Island in the 19 th century. We know that these ships were generally constructed by the administrators of the region, which were necessary for the navy for Istanbul. The ships constructed for Istanbul had to be finished and sent in a certain period of time. For this reason, it was requested in the documents to complete the shipbuilding as soon as possible. Undoubtedly, the most important person involved in shipbuilding was the Mütesellim Murâbıtzâde Captain Hasan. The state trusted this person, who also carried out several duties with him, and he was very useful in the construction of galleons and frigates for the Mütesellim Yusuf Bey served at the state level after the Mütesellim Murâbıtzâde Captain Hasan, we also see that this person had successfully completed the construction of many frigates. These people, who were personally responsible for the construction of many ships in different periods, had the ships constructed for the army. In article, which we wrote using archival documents, how the change in ship technology was reflected in shipbuilding; with the help of the aid received from Istanbul, we tried to trace the archival documents, under which conditions the shipbuilding took place at the maximum capacity that could be done on the island of Rhodes, which was a large-scale island, and how the people had a significant economic power with this business capacity created on the island.

The underlying reason for the spread of diseases in the Ottoman Empire was the shortage of hospitals and qualified physicians. Lesbos Island was one of the first places where quarantine was applied in the Ottoman Empire due to its location. Many diseases such as smallpox, measles, cholera, rabies, meningitis, typhoid, and plague were widespread on the island. The plague broke out in 1907, resulting in far-reaching consequences on the island. The outbreak of plague brought along the precautions in many places where it was incident, especially in the island and Istanbul. A bacteriologist was brought from Istanbul and Izmir for the diagnosis of the cases, and measures were taken accordingly. The plague, which spread in a short time, was transmitted to two candy apprentices who came into contact with a dead mouse in the sack; the number of contacts increased after the shopkeeper Grocery Yorgi threw the mouse away. The sickness manifested itself with inguinal swelling in the baker's apprentice. Meanwhile, the plague spread to Anatolia from those who went from Lesbos to Dikili. The government attempted to treat plague with medication. Given the course and spread of the disease, serum was brought from the Pasteur Institute in Paris as a treatment. The plague, which first appeared on Lesbos Island in 1907, was prevented by quarantines and tight cordons for three months. The public was not satisfied with the disease prevention and the assistance provided. In particular, the financing of health maintenance by local municipalities resulted in social unrest. This study aims to throw light on the diseases that occurred in Lesbos Island and how the plague, which occurred in 1907, affected the island and surrounding sanjaks based on the archive documents. It also attempts to explain how the Ottoman Empire exerted various precautions for the maintenance of health in the light of the documents.

Samos is the fourth largest island in the southeast of the Aegean Sea, after Rhodes, Lesbos and Chios. Samos Island is at a strategic point in terms of its location and the Ottoman Empire made this island semi-autonomous in 1832. The island also drew attention with its small number of Muslims, and the people earned their living from agriculture. Grapes were one of the main livelihoods of the island along with olives. A large part of the grapes was devoted to wine production and was sold abroad, mainly in Italy and France. Diseases that occurred in the vineyards of the island caused unrest in the sale of the wine obtained from the grapes. Another problem in the export of wine was the change in the customs tariff, the increase in the tax rate in foreign customs due to the sale of wine with spirit. The Ottoman palace used and consumed the grapes produced by the island as a purchase of miri. Although incorporation efforts were attempted to sell the wine in the archive documents, they could not be implemented. While the certificates received through the consuls were kept valid in the acceptance of wines to Italy, France, Austria; it was stated that over time, there were problems at the customs and an analysis was requested. Since Samos wine wass a highly demanded product with its delicious taste, it represented the Ottoman Empire at the Chicago Fair held in the USA in 1892. The main sources of our article are the documents in the Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of State Archives and the statistics of the period. Every detail reflected in the documents about viticulture and the diseases that plague the vineyards in Samos, as well as wine production and exportation of wine has been explained.

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