This study provided considerable evidence that the Turkish version of the NMQ has appropriate psychometric properties, including good test-retest reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. It can be used for screening and epidemiological investigations of musculoskeletal symptoms. Implications for Rehabilitation The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) can be used for the screening of musculoskeletal problems. The NMQ allows comparison of musculoskeletal problems in different body regions in epidemiological studies with large numbers of participants. The Turkish version of the NMQ can be used for rehabilitation due to its appropriate psychometric properties, including good test-retest reliability, internal consistency and construct validity.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder affecting periventricular white matter, brainstem, spinal cord and optic nerves. Different neurophysiological tests have been studied in patients with MS and the results obtained from these studies demonstrated that evoked potentials are of limited value in diagnosis of MS. 1,2 However, these tests are useful in the documentation of involved neural pathways in MS.Motor evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by magnetic cortical stimulation as a noninvasive and painless method has been used to investigate the function of the fast conducting nerve fibers located at the descending motor pathways in patients with M S . 1 , 3 , 4 Hess, et al 3 concluded that MEP is useful in ABSTRACT: Background: Long latency reflexes (LLR) include afferent sensory, efferent motor and central transcortical pathways. It is supposed that the cortical relay time (CRT) reflects the conduction of central transcortical loop of LLR. Recently, evidence related to the cortical involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been reported in some studies. Our aim was to investigate the CRT alterations in patients with MS. Methods: Upper extremity motor evoked potentials (MEP), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and LLR were tested in 28 patients with MS and control subjects (n=22). The patients with MS were classified according to the clinical form (relapsingremitting [R-R] and progressive groups). The MS patients with secondary progressive and primary progressive forms were considered as the "progressive" group. CRT for LLR was calculated by subtracting the peak latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and that of motor evoked potentials (MEP) by transcranial magnetic stimulation from the onset latency of the second component of LLR (LLR2) (CRT = LLR2 -[MEP latency + N20 latency]) Results: Cortical relay time was calculated as 7.4 ± 0.9 ms in control subjects. Cortical relay time was prolonged in patients with MS (11.2 ± 2.9 ms) (p<0.0001). The latencies of LLR, MEP and SEP were also prolonged in patients with MS. Cortical relay time was not correlated with disease severity and clinical form in contrast to other tests. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that CRT can be a valuable electrophysiological tool in patients with MS. Involvement of extracortical neural circuits between sensory and motor cortices or cortical involvement due to MS may cause these findings.RÉSUMÉ: Temps de relais cortical pour les réflexes à latence longue chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques dont le diagnostic est certain. Introduction: Les réflexes à latence longue (RLL) possèdent des voies afférentes sensitives, des voies efférentes motrices et des voies transcorticales centrales. On présume que le temps de relais cortical (TRC) reflète la conduction au niveau de la boucle transcorticale centrale des RLL. Des données sur l'atteinte corticale dans la sclérose en plaques (SEP) ont été rapportées récemment. Nous avons étudié les altérations du TRC chez des patients atteints de SEP. Méthodes: Les potentie...

The present study has shown that the Turkish version of the RAPA was an easy-to-use, valid and reliable measure of physical activity among adults aged older than 50 years. This study has also provided considerable evidence about the test-retest reliability of the RAPA, which was not investigated in the original validation study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1837-1842.

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