No abstract

In this study, it is aimed to determine how different cooking processes (boiled (B), steamed (S), pressure boiled (PB), and pressure steamed (PS)) cause changes in various vegetables (potato, carrot, beet root, black carrot, celery, turnip, and sweet potato). The different process had a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on the L*, a*, b*, C*, H°, dry matter content, total soluble solids (TSS), ash content, pH, and titratable acidity values of vegetables. The process and vegetable kind were found to have a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on vitamin C and total phenolic content (TPC) of vegetables. It was revealed that the vitamin C was preserved better in S and PS than B vegetables. Except all PB, B, S sweet potato and cooked celery the TPC of other samples decreased at different rates (6.12%–88.30%) with cooking. It was found that the antioxidant activity (AA) of vegetables decreased with the process. It was determined that the mineral compositions of vegetables cooked with different methods were significantly different (p < 0.01) from raw vegetables, except for Fe. A positive correlation was detected between the samples' AA and color values. As a result, it was revealed that S vegetables preserved their color values better and the AA values of S vegetables were closest to raw vegetables. Novelty Impact Statement In terms of healthy nutrition, the differences in the characteristics of the food cooked with the heat treatment process in cooked foods has recently aroused an increasing interest. The study showed that physical and chemical properties, total phenolic content, and antioxidant properties were interrelated with different vegetables and different cooking methods. This was due to the different compositions and cooking techniques of vegetables, which determine the cell wall integrity and solubility of cell components during heat treatments. It was determined that the properties of steamed beetroot and black carrot were better preserved among different vegetables cooked with four different cooking methods (boiled, steamed, pressure boiled, and pressure steamed). The antioxidant activity of vegetables decreased with the treatment. Except for Fe, the mineral compositions of vegetables cooked by different methods were significantly different from raw vegetables. As a result, it was revealed that steamed vegetables preserved their color values better and the antioxidant activity values of steamed vegetables were closest to raw vegetables.

Badem ezmesi, badem, şeker ve az miktarda sudan geleneksel ve endüstriyel olarak üretilen ekonomik açıdan değerli bir üründür. Saray mutfağından çıkıp günümüze kadar farklı katkılar ve yöntemlerle üretilen badem ezmesi, günümüzde özellikle Edirne'de birçok yerel işletme tarafından yaygın bir şekilde geleneksel olarak üretilmekte ve gastronomi kültürünün yaygın bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma Edirne'de beş farklı işletme tarafından geleneksel yöntemle üretilmiş badem ezmelerinin bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesine yönelik yapılmıştır. Örneklerin nem miktarı %6.31-9.09, toplam kül miktarları %3.03-3.88, titrasyon asitliği %1.40-1.72, protein miktarları %9.45-14.87, HMF miktarları 0-0.007 mg kg -1 , pH değerleri 5.37-5.95, L* değerleri 64.77-73.26, a* değerleri (-1.14)-(-0.48) ve b* değerleri (+20.03)-(+22.21) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin DPPH • ve ABTS •+ radikali giderme aktiviteleri (IC50), toplam fenolik madde miktarları sırasıyla; 81.73-93.77 µg mL -1 , 47.64-66.35 µg mL -1 , 17.44-32.22 mg GAE g -1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin mineral madde kompozisyonu ICP-MS ile belirlenmiştir. Analizi yapılan badem ezmesi örneklerinin tümünde en yüksek miktarda Potasyum (K) minerali tespit edilmiş olup, bu mineral miktarı 22770.

The new type of coronavirus infection (COVID-19), caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a world pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome. In addition to drug and vaccine studies for COVID-19, studies on various foods maintain to increase immunity and alternative treatment, and in this context, bee products are also being researched. Although many studies are showing that bee products have antimicrobial properties and immune-enhancing effects, there are limited studies on the effectiveness of these products against coronavirus. Some peptides in royal jelly are reported to be potent antibacterial and antifungal agents that may be beneficial for avoiding co-infections in COVID-19 patients. Positive results have been found Pollen, a fine and powder-like substance produced by flowering plants and collected by bees, in many studies investigating the effects of pollen on health such as antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. Bee venom; It is a yellowish-colored, bitter-sweet, pungent-smelling substance that is produced in the venom sac of bees, normally in liquid form, but dries up and crystallizes after contact with air. Melittin, the primary component of bee venom having more than 40 biologically and pharmacologically active compounds including phospholipase A2, histamine, epinephrine, free amino acids, peptide and apamin, has been stated to have antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) secreted from bee and snake venom is known to have strong anti-HIV activities. Melittin, phosphorylase A2 and hyaluronidan, which are the most significant components of bee venom, constitute 50% of bee venom. Moreover, researches on the relationship between bee venom and COVID-19 are limited. The target of this review is to bring together the studies on the health effects of royal jelly, bee pollen and bee venom, and to contribute to the existing studies.