Background: The aim of this review is to identify and analyse the research findings in the field of young people with intellectual disabilities and social media. Method: Twelve peer-reviewed papers published in well-established and recognized journals between 2001 and 2017 were identified from electronic database searches (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar), the Internet (Facebook) and correspondence with experts. Results: Six topics were identified through thematic analysis of the texts: opportunities, risk and vulnerability, sexuality, identity, barriers and support. Conclusion: The latest research on young people with intellectual disabilities is characterized by issues of risk, vulnerability and support. The concept of positive risk-taking is suggested for the development of methodological approaches in practice and research. Furthermore, vulnerability, online and offline activities and identity formation should be examined more closely, and there is a call for new research methods in this area, for example observations and netnography.
Young people with intellectual disability seem to be more vulnerable on the Internet than youth in general. Therefore, it is important to investigate not only their strategies for managing negative online experiences but also how they experience Internet-related support. This study applies a qualitative and interpretative approach drawing on individual and pair interviews with pupils in upper secondary special programme schools in Sweden. A thematic analysis resulted in the following themes: 'a lesson to be learned' , 'the important role of siblings' , 'the dilemma of support' and 'negotiation of control' . With regard to negative online experiences, strategies for managing privacy, safety and risky situations are understood as problem-focused coping and efforts to manage external/internal demands. The central role of social networks is emphasised with regard to Internet-related support. It is concluded that online restrictions may discourage open dialogue. A perspective of positive risk-taking, focusing on opportunities rather than risks, is advocated. Points of interest• This article investigates the participants' perspectives in their own words. The key contribution of the paper is finding out how young people with intellectual disability in Sweden handle negative online experiences and how they experience Internet-related support. • The study highlights a range of themes from lessons learned and sibling relationships to problems of support and control that reflect many social and individual characteristics. • The participants use different coping strategies to handle negative online experiences. They seem to manage privacy and safety on their own and refuse control in risky situations.
Conducting qualitative research on young people with intellectual disability and the Internet poses methodological challenges as well as opportunities. Based on memos from a qualitative study, this article focuses on identified gaps related to the challenges of informed consent, access to Internet arenas and using stimulus materials. Opportunities, in terms of flexibility and relationships, are discussed and problematized. The discussion shows that researchers may need to move out of their comfort zone and try nonconventional methods of data collection. It is important to be creative and innovative but also to look after the rights and interests of participants. Furthermore, take a non-directive approach and assume young people with intellectual disability to be experts on their own lives. Finally, the power imbalance between a researcher and participant should be considered and the researcher should ask him-/herself which perspective he/she wishes to present or ‘whose side are we on?’
Tidigare forskning visar att unga med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning behöver ges möjlighet att utforska och uttrycka olika sociala identiteter, som idag sker på en rad olika arenor. Samtidigt saknas studier som särskilt belyser unga kvinnor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och identitetsskapande på digitala arenor. Det övergripande syftet med den här studien är således att studera erfarenheter av självpresentationer som unga kvinnor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning gör på internet. Ett särskilt fokus riktas åt hur internet och sociala medier kan skapa förutsättningar för alternativa identitetskonstruktioner och hur dessa kan ta sig uttryck för dem. Studien baseras på intervjuer (individuella intervjuer, par-intervjuer och fokusgrupper) med unga kvinnor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (n=17). Intervjuerna genomfördes under 2017 och 2018 och intervjupersonerna var mellan 16-21 år. Analysen av materialet är inspirerad av tolkande fenomenologisk analys (Interpretative phenomenological analyses - IPA) och mynnar ut i fyra teman: ”vara sig själv”, ”vara försiktig och undvika visa kroppen”, ”i andras ögon: om låtsasidentitet och att försköna” och ”när bilden inte stämmer överens”. Resultatet tolkas utifrån ett interaktionistiskt perspektiv och synliggör förhandlingar på olika nivåer inom olika områden. Mest framträdande är förhandlingen mellan risk och möjlighet, arenorna online och offline och normalitet och avvikelse. Slutsatsen är att unga kvinnor med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning ger intryck av att befinna sig i ett spänningsfält mellan risk och möjlighet. Det är tydlig att internet å ena sidan utgör en möjlighet att utforska olika identitetsuttryck i samspel med andra. Å andra sidan kan internet liknas vid ett ”minfält” där det gäller att navigera mellan riskerna. Detta leder till en försiktighet som är relevant, men som kan upplevas som hämmande. Sammantaget ställer det stora krav på omgivningen: föräldrar och professionella. De praktiska implikationerna diskuteras utifrån begreppen dialektisk delaktighet och positivt risktagande.
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