Research on the engagement of children with the so-called Islamic State (a.k.a. ISIS) relies heavily on the analysis of obtained ISIS documents and ISIS-disseminated propaganda, leaving major elements of the recruitment and deployment process uncovered. Such ambiguities hinder future efforts aimed at dealing with ISIS' child soldiers. As such, an intensive effort to compile data using interviews and naturalistic observations across ISISheld territories in Syria was made to exhaustively explore the process of child recruitment and deployment by ISIS. Findings suggest that there are two methods of recruitment: predatory and structural. The enlistment, intensity of indoctrination, types of training, and nature of deployment were found to depend, to a high degree, on the type of recruitment (i.e., predatory or structural), and category of children based on their origin (i.e., local, Middle Eastern and North African [MENA], or foreign) and if they are orphans. The data shows that the separation between children and adults' roles/assignments is diminishing. After a thorough exploration of the elements of ISIS' recruitment and deployment process, this paper argues its findings, implications, and limitations.

The present article provides an integrative review of available evidence on dual emotional systems, guided by the distinction between "explicit" and "implicit" emotions. Extrapolating on a wide array of research, the conceptualization of the proposed framework demonstrates two sequential processes at the three levels of analysis, implying that several mechanisms lead to the elicitation of implicit and explicit emotions, and thereby outline the interplay of the dual dimensions. Moreover, in reconciliation with the literature of political judgment and behavior, the current research posits the role of political sophistication and attitudes on the elicitation of implicit and explicit emotions. In addition, it discusses the moderating influence on partisan loyalties on the relationship between implicit and explicit emotions. Furthermore, the current study forwards an operational measure of the two blocks of emotional experience.