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The introduction of iNO stewardship was associated with improved adherence to evidence-based guidelines and an overall reduction in total and per-patient iNO use.

Background: Neonatal intensive care is expensive and prolonged. Extremely preterm infants are routinely supported. The costs for this practice at the age of borderline viability are of interest to clinicians and policymakers.Methods: We analyzed data from the Canadian national administrative database on total cost and length of hospital care from a public payor perspective for 23-28-week premature infants from 2011 to 2015. We also compared total and daily costs for 23-25-week newborns. Each comparison evaluated the total cohort and infants who lived more than 3 days. We used non-parametric tests, correlation tests, and generalized linear models for cost difference analysis, adjusting for survival, length of stay, and year.Results: We analyzed 6,932 infants' cost records. For all infants, median length of hospital stay was 41 days (IQR, 1-77 days). For infants who survived the first 3 days, median length of stay was 61 days (IQR,

Over 11 years, there has been a marked increase in QI publications. Roughly one-third of all published QI research is on vulnerable populations, a stable proportion over time. Nevertheless, some vulnerable populations are under-represented. Increased education, resources and attention are encouraged to improve the health of vulnerable populations through focused QI initiatives.