<p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstra</strong><strong>ct. </strong>Most agricultural producers use pesticides to prevent pests and increase yield and quality of the food they grow. Pesticides can damage people’s health, and lead to birth defects (<em>teratogenic </em>in character) and death in humans and animals. Many of these chemical residues, especially derivatives of <em>organochlorine </em>pesticides, demonstrate dangerous bioaccumulation levels in the body and environment. The problems caused by<em> organochlorine</em> residues (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and DDT</em>) on agricultural lands that are still found today are generally the consequence of past usage that dates back to the1960s. Research on pesticide residues in Indonesia was carried out several years ago by various research institutes and universities and some of these results were collected between 1985 and 2017. Data distribution of the results on pesticide residues include in Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Bali, South Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Maluku, and Papua. Most of the pesticide residue research has been conducted on vegetables. Pesticide residues were found in various commodities and matrices such as rice, soybeans, cow's milk, chicken eggs, fruit ingredients, vegetables, soil, paddy water, river water, lake water, pond water, sea water, water birds, animal feed, fish, frogs, lamb, birds, eggs, tea, and honey. Pesticide residues found were insecticide (<em>organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid</em>), and fungicide (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> and <em>thiametoxam). Organochlorine</em> insecticides have been banned, but the residues are still found today. This is due to the nature of <em>organochlorines</em> which have high persistence properties. Even though insecticide residues (<em>organophosphate, carbamate, pirethroid</em>) found in food commodities are still below the maximum residual limit (MRL), namely SNI 7313: 2008, but some close to MRL. Particularly for <em>organochlorine</em> residues in soil, water and plants insecticides must be monitored because they are persistent, toxic and accumulative. This paper aims to review of pesticide residues in various products including food, and the potential impact of pesticide residues on human health.</p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"> </p><p class="JSDLAbstrak"><strong>Abstrak. </strong>Sebagian besar produsen pertanian menggunakan pestisida untuk mencegah hama dan meningkatkan hasil dan kualitas makanan yang mereka tanam. Pestisida dapat merusak kesehatan manusia, dan bersifat <em>teratogenik</em> dan mematikan pada manusia dan hewan. Banyak dari residu kimia ini, terutama turunan pestisida <em>organoklorin</em>, menunjukkan tingkat bioakumulasi yang berbahaya dalam tubuh manusia dan lingkungan. Masalah tersebut disebabkan oleh residu <em>organoklorin</em> (<em>lindan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor</em> dan <em>DDT</em>) yang digunakan sejak tahun 1960-an. Penelitian tentang residu pestisida di Indonesia dilakukan beberapa tahun yang lalu oleh berbagai lembaga penelitian dan universitas yang dikumpulkan antara tahun 1985 dan 2017. Distribusi data hasil residu pestisida tersebar di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Yogyakarta, Bali, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Utara dan Selatan, Gorontalo, Maluku, dan Papua. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menemukan residu pestisida tidak hanya ditemukan di berbagai komoditas pertanian seperti beras, kedelai, susu sapi, telur ayam, bahan buah, sayuran tetapi juga pada tanah, sawah, air sungai, air danau, air kolam, air laut, burung air, pakan ternak, ikan, katak, domba, telur burung, teh, dan madu. Residu pestisida yang banyak ditemukan di lapangan adalah insektisida (<em>organoklorin, organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>), dan fungisida (<em>dimethomorp, fenobucarb, propineb, benomyl, carbendazim</em> dan <em>thiametoxam</em>). Insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin </em>telah dilarang penggunaannya, namun residunya masih ditemukan hingga kini. Hal ini dikarenakan sifat organoklorin yang memiliki sifat persistensi yang tinggi. Residu insektisida (<em>organofosfat, karbamat, piretroid</em>) yang ditemukan di dalam komoditas pangan secara umum masih di bawah batas maksimum residu (BMR) yang mengacu pada standar nasional, yaitu SNI 7313: 2008, namun beberapa residu insektisida telah mendekati BMR. Khusus untuk residu insektisida golongan <em>organoklorin</em> di dalam tanah, air dan tanaman harus dipantau karena sifatnya yang persisten, beracun, dan akumulatif. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji residu pestisida dalam berbagai produk termasuk makanan, dan dampak potensial residu pestisida pada kesehatan manusia.</p>
Penggunaan pestisida cukup tinggi dan berlebihan, disinyalir telah mencemari lahan bawang merah di Kabupaten Brebes. Dampak negatif penggunaan pestisida sudah dirasakan oleh petani, namun perilaku dan tata cara penggunaan pestisida belum banyak berubah. Sekolah lapang pengendalian hama terpadu telah dilaksanakan dan subsidi pestisida juga sudah dicabut, namun kenyataan di lapangan penggunaan pestisida terus meningkat. Residu pestisida yang terakumulasi di lahan pertanian diyakini sebagai penyebab menurunnya tingkat kesuburan tanah. Akibat dari penggunaan pestisida yang berlebih perlu dilakukan pengendalian pencemaran lingkungan sebagai wujud program keamanan pangan nasional. Sebelum dilakukan pengendalian perlu dilakukan identifikasi cemaran. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi cemaran profenofos yang yang ada di lahan bawang merah Kabupaten Brebes. Penelitian dilaksanakan di lapang dan laboratorium. Penelitian lapang dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Brebes Jawa Tengah dan analisa residu pestisida dilakukan di laboratorium terpadu Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian (Balingtan). Kegiatan ini berlangsung dari bulan Februari hingga April 2018. Metode yang dilakukan adalah metode survey dan wawancara petani dalam pengambilan sampel di lapang. Sampel tanah diambil dari 18 titik sampling yang berlokasi di 8 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Brebes. Dalam 1 titik sampel diambil secara komposit dari 5 titik sampling. Sampel tanah dilahan bawang merah yang diperoleh dari lapangan masing-masing diuji residu insektisida profenofos menggunakan metode Quecher. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 18 titik sampel tanah yang diambil, terdeteksi cemaran insektisida profenofos sebanyak 17 sampel (94,44%) dengan konsentrasi <LOD – 0,510 ppm dengan BMR 0,30 ppm.
Rainfed paddy fields have a significant role as a buffer for rice (Oryza sativa L.) availability in addition to irrigated paddy fields. However, the optimization of rainfed rice fields is constrained by low rice productivity caused by low soil fertility including K deficiency, especially in light textured soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fertilizer management in light-textured rainfed rice fields on the K dynamic and lowland rice yields. The study was arranged with a randomized block design, six replicates, and five fertilizer treatments (control, NP, NPK, NP+composted straw, NPK+composted straw). The observed variables were grain yield, yield component, exchangeable K, and nonexchangeable K. The yield of rainfed rice plants significantly increased with fertilizer management. The direct seeded rice (DSR) yielded grains 1.23-1.65 t ha -1 higher than the transplanted rice (TPR). Plant K uptake significantly increased with fertilizer application, where NPK fertilizer increased K uptake by 88.6% (DSR) and 71.9% (TPR). Exchangeable and nonexchangeable K in soil were generally high at 40 and 60 d after germination, and decreased in harvest time. The nonexchangeable K was generally higher than exchangeable K at 20, 40, 60, and 100 d after germination. The application of straw compost not only significantly increased grain yield, but also effectively provided K for plants in the form of exchangeable K and K slowly available K, so it was effectively used as an alternative supply of K to replace K from inorganic fertilizers.
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