In the field of biomechanics of quadrupedal locomotion in primates, infant-carrying has received little attention. This study presents the first biomechanical study of infant-carrying in captive female olive baboons (Papio anubis). We test whether females carrying infants conform 1) to the Support Polygon Model (Rollinson and Martin: Symp Zool Soc Lond 48 (1981) 377-427) of gait selection, according to which diagonality should decrease when the infant is carried cranially and increase when the infant is carried dorsally and caudally; 2) to Biewener's (Biewener: Science 245 () 45-48) theory of limb postures, according to which females should extend their hind limbs more due to infant load, especially in the later stages when the infant is not fully autonomous but relatively heavy. This study focuses on the sagittal kinematics of quadrupedal gaits (joint angles and spatiotemporal parameters) of four females with and without infant loads at the CNRS Primatology Station (France). High-speed video recordings were made using the technical platform "Motion Analysis of Primates" available in the animals' place of life. Regarding diagonality, our results do not fully conform to those predicted by the Support Polygon Model of gait selection; however, the model cannot be rejected at this stage in experiment. With regard to limb posture, our results do not support Biewener's (Biewener: Science 245 () 45-48) theory: loaded females do not extend their hind limbs more as predicted; on the contrary, the hind limbs tend to be more flexed when the infant they carry is relatively heavy.
The French-Iranian Paleoanthropological Project (FIPP) conducted in 2005 a survey in the provinces of Teheran and Mazandaran (Northern Iran), which are almost virgin zone of paleolithic discoveries. The FIPP discovered three open-air localities in an alluvial context. The Moghanak and Otchounak localities delivered 59 artifacts collected on surface, attributed to Mousterian or ante-Mousterian. These assemblages showed conceptions of different technical natures, generally not very elaborated. The site of Garm Roud 2 is a good stratigraphic framework and is dated to 28,486 ± 190 cal. BP. The 113 artefacts available clearly present an emphasis on bladelet debitage. Comparisons make possible to bring the assemblage closer to Baradostian, more particularly to Late Baradostian.
les contreforts nord du massif de l'Alborz (Province du Mazandaran, Iran), un profil de terrasse montre sur plus de 15 m d'épaisseur une séquence fluviatile terminée par un tuf calcaire de fond de vallée. Au sein de la sédimentation alluviale limoneuse basale, un petit horizon de sol organique de fond de vallée a livré un niveau archéologique qui constituerait la première évidence d'occupation paléolithique de plein air dans la région (23920 ± 160 14 C / 28486 ± 190 cal. BP). La partie supérieure de cette séquence fluviatile basale est ensuite affectée par un important épisode de pédogenèse (sol brun) contemporain d'une première période d'incision et de rabattement du plan d'eau (± 3 m). Cet ensemble est ensuite recouvert par une formation de tufs calcaires de plaine alluviale (5 m), à stratification horizontale, débutant par un fin niveau organique daté de 12100 cal. BP. Finalement, l'ensemble est totalement incisé par la rivière au cours de l'Holocène (plus de 17 m d'incision par rapport au sommet du tuf). Ce processus débouche sur la formation d'une terrasse visible sur environ 1,5 km en rive droite de la vallée. Dans un contexte tectonique très actif, cette phase d'incision majeure est interprétée comme le résultat d'une période de surrection rapide liée à l'activité de la faille chevauchante de Khazar cartographiée à quelques kilomètres au nord du site.
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