Background: Spinal anaesthesia avoids the problems associated with general anaesthesia such as airway manipulation, polypharmacy, postoperative respiratory problems, and cognitive dysfunction. It can be given in lateral and sitting positions. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of induction position for spinal anaesthesia in elective caesarean section on hemodynamic, sensory and motor block characteristics and patient satisfaction.Methods: 120 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing elective caesarean section were randomized to receive spinal anaesthesia in the lateral position or the sitting position. Hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) was injected into the spinal space while the patients were either in sitting or lateral position at L3-L4 level. Effects on hemodynamic parameters, sensory block and motor block characteristics and patient satisfaction were analysed.Results: Demographic characteristics did not seem to have any impact on the overall outcome of the study. Induction position for spinal anaesthesia does not affect the hemodynamic parameters and incidence of side effects when adequate preloading is done. There was no statistically significant difference in the sensory level and motor level achieved. However lateral position appears to be more comfortable than sitting position (P <0.001).Conclusions: Inducing position for spinal anaesthesia did not affect haemodynamic stability and block characteristics in both the groups except that patients feel more comfortable in lateral position.

INTRODUCTIONEndotracheal cuffed tubes were used during anesthesia to prevent gas leakage and pulmonary aspiration in patients. Excessive cuff pressure decreases tracheal capillary perfusion, and insufficient cuff pressure leads to pulmonary aspiration of oropharyngeal content. 1-4The main indication reported after extubation was sore throat, but some also report dysphagia and hoarseness. Although the exact pathophysiology of post-intubation airway symptoms is not fully known, mucosal damage occurring at the cuff level is believed to be an important contributing factor for tracheal indisposition. 5,6 The three common methods of endotracheal tube cuff inflation employed in clinical setting are the use of inflation to a precise pressure (25 cm H2O), sealing pressure and estimation of the cuff pressure by finger palpation. However, none of them are conclusive and an intraoperative cuff pressure monitoring with manometer is recommended. ABSTRACTBackground: Endotracheal tubes cuffs are used to prevent gas leak and also pulmonary aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients. The commonly employed intubation techniques are the use of inflation to a constant pressure (25 cm H2O), sealing pressure and estimation of the cuff pressure by finger palpation. However, the use of the cuff inflation volumes may cause tracheal morbidity. The aim of the present study was to compare the effective tracheal seal and the incidence of post-intubation airway complications between the three techniques. Methods: 90 patients under N2O free general endotracheal anaesthesia were included in the study. They were randomly allotted into three groups consisting of 30 in each. After induction of anesthesia, endotracheal tubes size 7.0 mm for female and 8.5 mm for male were used. Constant pressure group (n=30), the cuff was inflated to a pressure of 25 cm H2O; sealing group (n=30), the cuff was inflated to prevent air leaks at airway pressure of 20 cm H2O and finger group (n=30), the cuff was inflated using finger estimation. Manometric cuff pressure and volume of air required to inflate the cuff, incidence of sore throat, hoarseness and dysphagia were tested. Results: Significant differences was not observed between the three groups in case of demographic data, ASA grading, endotracheal tube size used, number of attempts to place the endotracheal tubes, duration of intubation between the three groups. On the other hand, the cuff pressure, volume of air to fill the cuff and the incidence of sore throat was significantly higher in the finger group compared to other two groups (p ≤0.05). The incidence of dysphagia and hoarseness was also higher in finger palpitation group but the difference is insignificant. Conclusions: In cases of N2O free anesthesia, sealing cuff pressure is an easy and safe alternative technique compared to other two techniques, regarding effectiveness and low incidence of tracheal morbidities.

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Methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH) have came to limelight now-a-days because of their property of less polluting emittants and thought of as extremely economical due to its swish operative capacity. Low particulate level and soot free emission can also be obtained due to presence of oxygen in these fuels. We can obtain a considerable fuel efficiency and sound mileage if we double the carbon in ethanol which contains more energy. The structure is more similar to iso-butanol. Iso-butanol is unique in alcoholic fuels due to its equatorial affinity for water. The worldwide energy policy also aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions occurred due to traditional fuels and thus developing renewable energy became an important part of this policy. Now-a-days transport sector has decreased its reliance on oil which generally contributes to hazardous environmental impact and to achieve this some alternative transport fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen and natural gas emerged up as a helping hand. Blending methanol into diesel and gasoline permits the mixture to possess an entire combustion with the presence of oxygen which increases its combustion efficiency and reduces greenhouse gas emission. Gasohol- a blend of gasoline and 10%methanol is available at plenty of petrol service stations as a regular automobile fuel within the United States. Brazil has successfully implemented and used methanol in terms of spark ignition engine operations as a fuel. Methanol has emerged up as a sustainable fuel for IC engines in past few decades because of its characteristics of soot free burning and higher efficiencies at less cost. The European Union decided to set 10% requirement of renewable energy in transport sector which is to be compiled with by 2020. In 2010, the transport sector utilized 4.70% of renewable energy out of which 91% was covered by biofuels. This paper discusses significance of methanol as a fuel for IC engines and its applicability in various sectors

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