Background: Emotional symptoms are increasingly considered a core feature of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to quantify the evidence of emotional dysregulation and its respective facets in individuals with adult ADHD compared to healthy controls using meta-analysis. Methods: Two electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO) were reviewed to identify studies. Studies were eligible for inclusion that had reports on any measure of emotion (dys) regulation in adults (> 18 years of age) in clinically diagnosed patients with ADHD as well as healthy control participants. We included a total of 13 studies (N = 2535) to assess (1) the standardized mean difference in emotion dysregulation (ED) as a general factor and its specific facets (i.e., emotional lability, negative emotional responses, and emotion recognition) between adults with ADHD and healthy controls; and (2) the association between ADHD symptom severity and ED. Results: Compared to healthy controls, adults with ADHD revealed significantly higher levels of general ED (Hedges' g = 1.17, p < 0.001; Hedges' g is the adjusted effect size). With regard to intermediate dimensions of ED, emotional lability exhibited the strongest weighted effect (Hedges' g = 1.20, CI [0.57, 1.83], p < 0.001). Furthermore, symptom severity and general ED correlated significantly (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). Regarding intermediate dimensions of ED, negative emotional responses correlated closely with ADHD symptom severity (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) and emotional lability (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings support ED symptoms as a core feature of ADHD's psychopathology. With respect to dimensions of ED, emotional lability, and negative emotional responses play a more definitive role in the psychopathology of adults with ADHD. Due to insufficient statistical reports in the included studies, we could not perform meta-regressions to control the role of moderator variables.

Background Regarding the controversy about the overdiagnosis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents there are two main directions addressed as issue of age bias and issue of gender bias. In this relation, replication of findings demonstrating significant overdiagnosis is of importance which make the systematic evaluation of such occurrence necessary. Objective The seminal study by Bruchmüller, Margraf & Schneider, 2012 is replicated here, although in a different cultural context, in this case Iran, as ADHS might be perceived differently there. We assessed both gender bias and the impact of potential overdiagnosis on treatment recommendations. Methods A total of 344 licensed Iranian psychiatrists (mean age = 45.17, SD = 9.50) participated in this study. Each psychiatrist received a cover letter that introduced the study as well as a case vignette. Overall, there are eight different cases, one child with ADHD and three non-ADHD children, for both a boy (Ali) and a girl (Sara). Participants also received a questionnaire requesting their particular diagnosis, treatment recommendation and the therapist’s sociodemographic information. Chi square tests and multiple logistic regression were applied for data analyses. Results Overdiagnosis occurred in both girl and boy children, although overdiagnosis was 2.45 more likely in boys than in girls (p < 0.01). With respect to the psychiatrist’s gender, we detected no difference between males or females, as both overdiagnosed ADHD in boys (pfemale < 0.01 and pmale < 0.01). Furthermore, ADHD overdiagnosis had a direct impact on medication prescription (p < 0.01). Conclusion This study suggests that diagnosticians should strictly adhere to diagnostic criteria to minimize diagnostic error.

Introduction:Depression, anxiety and self contempt increase in recent years. A number of these patients, who have chest pain, come or refer to cardiovascular clinic without any cardiovascular or other organic disease. Such patients will be deviated from correct therapeutic way. It seems that demographic factors can affect on psychological disorder of these patients and the cause of their refer to cardiovascular clinic.The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of depression, anxiety and self contempt with demographic factors in cardiovascular clinic referrals in Semnan, IRAN.Materials and methods:In this analytical-descriptive study, data were collected in questionnaire from 400 patients who referred to cardiovascular clinic with chest pain and do not have any cardiovascular or other organic disease and analyzed by t-test, chi-square and men-vitni tests.Results:Of the 400 patients, 55.8% of women, 57.1% of divorced and 60% persons with less than one million RLS income showed light depression. Also, 73% of persons with less than one million RLS income, showed light anxiety, 36.1% of women showed light self contempt and 30.8% of divorced showed moderate self contempt.Discussion:In this study, depression was correlated with sex, divorce and low income, anxiety was correlated only with low income, self contempt was correlated with sex and divorce. Results of this study showed similarity with some studies and differ from other studies. It seems that this difference arises from patient's cultural diversity.

IntroductionOne of the most frequent causes of going to cardiovasculor clinics is chest pain The origin of Chest pain can be cardic or noncardic. Noncardic chest pain may be due to psychicl disorders such as obsession, violence, anxiety, depression, paranoid, phobia, somatization, psychosis.Materials ard MethodsPresent survey is a discriptive, cross sectional study which has been carried out on 400 patients with chest pain refferred to Semnan Fatemieh hospital. These patients did not have cardiovascular diseeses and related test and exercise test were negative. Data from these patients were collected by questionaire.FindingFifty three percentage of patients were men and 47% were women. The most prevalence psychial disorder in this study was depression with 66.2% and the least one was psychosis with 16%. Depression intensity in 73% of patients was light. Moderate and vigarous intensities in patients were 26% and 1% respectively. The percentages of anxiety and obsession with different level intensites (light, moderate and vigarous) were 85%, 15%, 0% and 79%, 18%, 3% respectively.Discussion:In this study depression and agitation were the most common of psychial disorder agents in patients with chest pain, origin noncardiac. This fact showed a similarity with other studies, while agitation was the most common agent of the chest pain in some studies. It seems this difference arising from cultural diversity of patients. The most prevalance of psychial disorders in men and wonen (mid ages) were 47.18% and 47.8% respectively.

Current debate has identified the factors emotion knowledge (EK) and attention as specific trajectories longitudinally influencing psychopathological development in childhood. The “Emotion Knowledge Hypothesis” assumes that children with great emotion skills have high self-regulating abilities that result in lower cognitive load and stronger attention capacities. Attention problems are thus perceived as a consequence of reduced EK. According to the competing “Attention Effect Hypothesis”, attention problems and EK deficits are associated because of impaired learning capacities due to attention problems. According to this hypothesis, attention problems are predictive of impaired EK. If those specific trajectories are disrupted, this might attenuate the development of later behavior problems. The present study tests those competing hypotheses replicating previous studies in this field to shed light on potential psychopathology trajectories. A total of 136 pre- and elementary school children as well as their teachers participated in this study. Children’s symptoms of inattention as well as their emotional competences were assessed 3 times over a 12-month period. We applied multilevel structural equation modelling and cross-lagged panel models for data analysis. Overall, we noted a drop in inattention scores and rise in emotional competences over the one-year course, indicating maturation effects. There was a significant but very small effect for attention scores predicting emotional competences. With respect to the question whether interventions should focus on the “Emotion Knowledge” or “Attention Effect” hypothesis, our findings imply that none of them has superiority over the other. Therefore, both emotion knowledge and attention are crucial for development, and that children with deficits in either domain should receive targeted interventions in order to disrupt potentially harmful developmental pathways.