A greater proportion of male vs female academic otolaryngologists receive contributions from industry. These differences persist after controlling for academic rank and experience. The gender disparities we have identified may be owing to men publishing earlier in their careers, with women often surpassing men later in their academic lives, or as a result of previously described gender disparities in scholarly impact and academic advancement.

Introduction: Acute hemorrhagic rectal ulcer (AHRU) is a rare entity which has most frequently been described in Japan and Taiwan literature. This study characterizes 11 AHRUs identified and managed at an urban acute care hospital in the United States of America (USA). Methods: A total of 2253 inpatients underwent colonoscopy. In 1172 patients (52%), colonoscopy was performed for evaluation of lower gastrointestinal (LGI) bleeding. Eleven (0.9%) of the 1172 patients with LGI bleeding had AHRU. Results: AHRU is characterized by a sudden onset of painless and massive lower rectal bleeding in elderly, bedridden patients (pts) with major underlying diseases. The endoscopic findings were classified into 4 types. All 11 ulcers were located in the distal rectum within 10 cm of the dentate line. All 11 patients required blood transfusion (mean = 3.7 units; range 2–9 units). Seven patients responded to blood, plasma, and platelet transfusions. The other 4 patients required endoscopic hemostasis. Three patients died within a month of colonoscopy from comorbidities. None had bleeding as a cause of death. Eight surviving patients did not have recurrent bleeding. Conclusion: AHRU does exist in the USA and should be considered as an important cause of acute lower GI bleeding in elderly, critically ill, and bedridden patients. AHRU should be recognized and managed correctly.

Hernia repair is the most commonly performed operation by general surgery. We present a case of intraluminal mesh migration into the transverse colon and distal ileum after ventral hernia repair. An ileo-transverse anastomosis was performed after the mesh was removed and the abdominal wall was reconstructed. This case demonstrates a rare but possible complication after hernia repair with mesh. In these patients, physicians should keep a high index of suspicion for mesh migration when all other causes of GI symptoms have been ruled out.

Objective Whether the understanding of dental caries influences how future dentists manage the disease themselves has not been previously studied. Thus, this study evaluated whether the conceptualization (understanding) of dental caries by dental students is related to their own preventive oral care routine. Methods Dental students at a U.S. dental school (n = 517) were invited to voluntarily respond to an anonymous electronic survey in spring 2018. Demographic characteristics, caries conceptualization (CC), dental care habits, and self‐caries risk determination were asked. Discursive responses to CC were analyzed by content analysis technique, and categories [c] were created. Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests were used for analysis. Results Overall response rate was 54.5% (n = 282, 48.2% female). Three researchers independently analyzed discursive answers and classified them into 1 of 6 caries concept categories [c]: [c1] only signs of the disease (10.3%), [c2] bacterial disease‐not specifying bacterial metabolism (38.3%), [c3] bacterial byproducts‐not specifying substrate (13.8%), [c4] biological or multifactorial concept (24.8%), [c5] comprehensive multifactorial disease (8.2%), or [c6] other (4.6%). Only 33% completely defined dental caries according to the modern understanding of the disease (c4−c5). Statistical differences were found between: CC and diet modification, CC and rinsing after brushing, year of school (YS) and self‐determined caries‐risk, YS and brushing at school, and YS and rinsing after brushing (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our data suggest that the students’ understanding of the disease can influence how they will manage the disease in terms of diet modification and behavior after brushing. Moreover, self‐caries risk determination influenced students’ brushing behavior.

Defensive responses to threatening events in the environment are displayed by a vast number of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate. These defensive responses can be associated with salient neutral stimuli that are present along with the threatening stimulus. This is referred to as aversive conditioning. Animals with more simple nervous systems, such as Aplysia, C elegans, and Drosophila, have facilitated identification of some the physiological processes that support aversive conditioning. Perhaps even more basic information regarding the neurobiology of learning and memory may be gleaned from animals that have special characteristics not found in other species. Tardigrades, also known as “water bears,” are microscopic eight-legged animals that live in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. They are known for their resilience to extreme conditions because of their ability to enter a cryptobiotic “tun” state during which they turn off their metabolism. Thus, tardigrades present an ideal model to study the metabolic requirements for memory storage. However, there is no prior research on tardigrade learning and memory. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate aversive conditioning in a tardigrade species, Dactylobiotus dispar. Associative learning was confirmed by numerous control conditions (unconditioned stimulus [US] only, conditional stimulus [CS] only, backward pairing, random pairing). Short-term memories were formed after a single pairing of the CS and US. This research introduces an important new animal model to the study of the neurobiology of aversive conditioning with important ramifications for understanding the metabolic influences on learning and memory.