No abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine puffing behavior and topography over 24 hours among regular electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users. Methods: Twenty-four adult e-cigarette users (15 male) vaped their personal e-cigarettes ad-lib over the course of 24 hours. Participants took each puff via calibrated CReSS pocket topography monitors. We analyzed: number of puffs per day per session, mean puff volume, mean puff flow rate, mean duration of puff, and mean interval between puffs. Results: Over 24 hours participants took on average 156.2±10.3 puffs, clustered in 10.2±7.9 puffs per puffing session with an average puff interval of 15.4±22.0 sec. A single puff lasted on average 3.0±1.2 sec, had a volume of 73.4±51.5 ml, and was taken with the average flow rate of 24.7±10.2 ml/sec. Conclusions: There is substantial variability among e-cigarette users in the way they puff on these devices. When e-cigarette aerosol is generated for laboratory studies, there is a need for validated puffing protocols that not only reflects the most-common pattern but also intensive puffing behaviors observed among some e-cigarette users.

This article surveys the security challenges faced by Nigeria: political instability, tensions between the federal government and the regions, instability in the Delta Region, environmental degradation, religious rivalry and violence. It examines Nigeria's role in regional peacekeeping and in ECOWAS and the interests of the USA, UK, China, the UN and the EU.

The Taliban are no longer a shadowy insurgency; they are now a full-fledged parallel political order.