The energy supply entities widely adopt distributed generators (DG) to meet the additional power requirement due to scheduled or unscheduled interruptions. The expansion of transmission and distribution systems via the inclusion of loads and generators and the occurrence of line interruptions are significant causes of congestion of transmission lines in interconnected systems. The management and alleviation of congested lines is a primary requirement for a power system network’s reliable and efficient operation. The researchers investigated the potential scope of distributed generation (DG) to alleviate the congested branches in interconnected transmission systems. The development of a reliable scheme to arrive at the best location and size of local generators for alleviating congestion deserves considerable importance. This paper attempted to develop a simple and reliable strategy for the optimum placement and sizing of DGs to be integrated with a transmission line system of DGs for congestion relief in transmission lines by analyzing power flow solutions. This research work considered the 14-bus system of IEEE for the preliminary analysis to identify the parameters employed for assessing the severity of line congestion and the best placement and sizing of DGs for congestion relief. This work analyzed power flows by load flow algorithms using ETAP software in the 14-bus IEEE system for different line outage cases. The analysis of power flow solutions of the 14-bus system of IEEE revealed that the percentage violation of the system can be regarded as an essential parameter to assess the extent of congestion in an interconnected system. A detailed power flow analysis of the system with various capacities of DG integration at several buses in the system revealed the application of two indices, namely the index of severity (SI) and sensitivity factor (SF), for optimum placement with the best capacity of DGs for congestion alleviation in the system. This work proposed a reliable algorithm for the best siting and sizing of DGs for congestion relief by using the identified indices. The proposed methodology is system indices allied load flow-based algorithm. This work produced a fast simulation solution without any mismatch through this developed scheme. The approximations linked with the algorithm were very minute, resulting in comprehensive bests instead of inexact limited bests with less simulation time and more convergence probability and availing the benefits of the mathematical approach. The work investigated the feasibility of the proposed methodology for optimum placing and quantifying DGs for congestion solutions for a practical interconnected bus system in the supply entity of the Kerala grid with many buses. Any transmission system operator can adopt this method in similar connected systems anywhere. The proposed algorithm determined the most severe cases of congestion and the optimum site and size of DGs for managing congested feeders in the grid system. The analysis of the losses in the system for different cases of DG penetration by load flow analysis validated the suitability of the obtained results.

This paper examines the performance of conical sections (concentrator and diffuser) to improve the energy-recovery prospects of small-scale wind turbines. Detailed simulation studies of the conical sections with convergence angle viz., concentrator, and divergence angle viz., diffuser were conducted using ANSYS Fluent® software. Using simulation data, a trend analysis was conducted, and the empirical equations were derived for calculating the velocity variation and power variation in terms of the convergence/divergence angles. Working prototype models with optimum angles were fabricated for both the diffuser and concentrator. These models were then augmented with a wind turbine coupled with a 100 W, 24 V DC generator and tested to validate the simulation results. Upon analyzing the simulation data, it was found that a maximum velocity variation of 23.3% was achieved at an angle of 4.5° for the diffuser, whereas a maximum power variation of 65.1% was achieved at an angle of 3.6° for the same diffuser. The aforementioned improvement was achieved by optimizing divergence angle alone. The proposed designs of the diffuser- and concentrator-augmented wind turbine, as well as the empirical equations for calculating the velocity variation and power variation in terms of the divergence and convergence angle, are the major contributions of this article.