Transgenic plants are becoming a more powerful tool in modern biotechnology. Genetic engineering was used in biotech-derived products to create genetically modified (GM) plants. Plant bioreactor systems have proven to be extremely effective in the production of disease resistance plants. The onion (Allium cepa, L.) is a common, important perennial vegetable crop grown in Egypt for food and economic value. Onions are susceptible to a variety of fungal infections and diseases. Aspergillus niger is a common onion phytopathogen that causes diseases such as black mould (or black rot), which is a major issue, particularly when exporting onions. A.niger grows between the bulb's outer (dead, flaky) skin and the first fleshy scales, which become water-soaked. Thionin genes produce thionin proteins, which have antimicrobial properties against a variety of phytopathogens, including A. niger. Chitosan nanoparticles act as a carrier for the thionin gene, which allows A. cepa to resist infection by A. niger. Transgenic A. cepa has a high level of resistance to fungal infection. Transgenic A. cepa had a 27 % weight inhibition compared to non-transgenic one, which had a 69 % inhibition. The expressed thionin protein has a 52 % inhibitory effect on A. niger spore germination. All of these findings supported thionin protein's antifungal activity as an antimicrobial peptide. Furthermore, the data presented here demonstrated the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles in gene transformation. The present study describes the benefits of producing transgenic onion resistance to black rot diseases.

Calla lily (Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill.) is an herbaceous or semi-evergreen perennial grown from rhizomes. It is commonly named “Spotted Arum”. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are found in all known organisms and are known for being functionally equivalent in all of them. A completely new in vitro culture protocol was applied to Z. albomaculata with two hormones, 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin, to obtain full growth and multiplication. Due to their highly conserved sequences, the analysis of small-subunit rRNAs (16S–18S rRNAs) can provide precise statistical evaluation of a wide variety of phylogenetic connections. As a result, the plant’s 18S rRNA gene allowed for identification and partial sequencing. Also, the traditional floral method and the novel application technique for identification were applied to Z. albomaculata. In this paper we systemically describe the structural strategies of the plant’s adaptation to the surroundings at the morphological, physiological, and anatomical scale. Most the essential oils and fatty acids found in Z. albomaculata are omega fatty acids, octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. All these fatty acids have industrial, medicinal, and pharmaceutical applications. The significant findings are the spadix sheathing leaves, and the precipitation of raphides calcium oxalate. The mitotic index showing the division activity was recorded, and it was 17.4%. The antimicrobial activity of Z. albomaculata ethanol extract was performed via the well diffusion method. This extract has shown high activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to its lower activity against Bacillus cereus. By defining these characteristics and in vitro culture conditions, we will be able to acclimatize the plant in greenhouses, and then transfer it to the open field. The findings of this work identified the general characteristics of Zantedeschia albomaculata as an ornamental and medicinal plant in order to acclimatize this plant for cultivation in the Mediterranean climate.

Transgenic plants are becoming a more powerful tool in modern biotechnology. Genetic engineering was used in biotech-derived products to create genetically modi ed (GM) plants. Plant bioreactor systems have proven to be extremely effective in the production of disease resistance plants. The onion (Allium cepa, L.) is a common, important perennial vegetable crop grown in Egypt for food and economic value. Onions are susceptible to a variety of fungal infections and diseases. Aspergillus niger is a common onion phytopathogen that causes diseases such as black mould (or black rot), which is a major issue, particularly when exporting onions. A.niger grows between the bulb's outer (dead, aky) skin and the rst eshy scales, which become water-soaked. Thionin genes produce thionin proteins, which have antimicrobial properties against a variety of phytopathogens, including A. niger. Chitosan nanoparticles act as a carrier for the thionin gene, which allows A. cepa to resist infection by A. niger. Transgenic A. cepa has a high level of resistance to fungal infection. Transgenic A. cepa had a 27 % weight inhibition compared to non-transgenic one, which had a 69 % inhibition. The expressed thionin protein has a 52 % inhibitory effect on A. niger spore germination. All of these ndings supported thionin protein's antifungal activity as an antimicrobial peptide. Furthermore, the data presented here demonstrated the e cacy of chitosan nanoparticles in gene transformation. The present study describes the bene ts of producing transgenic onion resistance to black rot diseases.positive control; (c) spores treated with transgenic thio-60 protein plant protein.

The date palm, or Phoenix dactylifera L., is one of the world’s oldest fruit trees. The entire date palm tree is used to produce a variety of goods, including food, clothing, fibre, and shelter. Tissue culture is one of the most recent methods used to multiply date palms and produce disease-free offspring. Plant tissue culture technology has advantages over conventional methods of propagation for the quick and extensive multiplication of significant plants in vitro, regardless of the season, and disease-free. This is because it preserves space and time. For this study, three different cultivars were used (Barhy, Sakkoti, and Shamia). For the three cultivars, ¾ MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L indole butyric acid IBA and 0.25 mg/l activated charcoal (AC) provided the optimal in vitro culture conditions. Plant gene function research and cultivar development are now both possible thanks to the advancement of plant transformation technologies. Date palm plants were given the AT1G12660 “Thio-60” gene to make them resistant to fungus infection. Utilizing chitosan nanoparticles for genetic transformation, the gene was introduced into three cultivars of dates (Barhy, Sakkoti, and Shamia). Run a conventional PCR to verify genetic fusion into all three cultivars. The fungal infection with Fusarium oxysporum was used to determine the resistance of the transgenic cultivar lines after it was established that the thionin gene had been transferred into transgenic date palm cultivars. Date crop transgenic lines showed strong resistance and a decline in the percentage of fungal infection-induced inhibition.

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