Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the association of dental caries and dental anomalies among 5-to 15-year-old children with cleft lip and cleft palate. Materials and methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 children with cleft lip and/or cleft palate and 500 children without cleft of the age group 5 to 15 years. The clinical examination was carried out using decayed, missing, and fi lled teeth (DMFT) by Klein Plamer and Knutson, and dmft by Grubbel and 1997 World Health Organization (WHO) pro forma. Results:The results showed a statistically signifi cant increase in the prevalence of dental caries in children with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. The mean DMFT was found to be signifi cantly higher in operated children than in the children who were not operated. Other dental abnormalities included an increased frequency of enamel hypoplasia (p < 0.001), hyperdontia (p < 0.014), anterior, unilateral and bilateral cross-bite (p < 0.001), and open bite (p < 0.001). Conclusion:The results of this study show that children with cleft have higher prevalence of dental anomalies than the normal children. With increased occurrence of hypoplasia in ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Serotonin (5‐HT) is an evolutionarily conserved monoaminergic neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system across invertebrates and vertebrates. Although the distribution of 5‐HT‐immunoreactive (5‐HT‐ir) neurons is investigated in various fish species, the organization of these neurons in cichlid fishes is poorly understood. These fish are known for their adaptability to diverse environments, food habits, and complex mating and breeding behaviors, including parental care. In this paper, we describe the organization of 5‐HT‐ir neurons in the brain of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Aggregations of 5‐HT‐ir neurons were spotted in the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb and near the ventricular border in the preoptic area and magnocellular subdivisions of the nucleus preopticus. Although the presence of 5‐HT‐ir cells and fibers in the hypothalamic and thalamic regions, cerebellum, and raphe nuclei was comparable to that of other teleosts, the current study reveals the occurrence of 5‐HT‐ir cells and fibers for the first time in some areas, such as the nucleus posterior tuberis, nucleus oculomotorius, and nucleus paracommissuralis in the tilapia. While the presence of 5‐HT‐ir cells and fibers in gustatory centers suggests a role for serotonin in the processing of gustatory signals, distinctive pattern of 5‐HT immunoreactivity was seen in the telencephalon, pretectal areas, mesencephalic, and rhombencephalic regions, suggesting a cichlid fish specific organization of the serotonergic system. In conclusion, the 5‐HT system in the tilapia brain may serve several neuroendocrine and neuromodulatory roles, including regulation of reproduction and sensorimotor processes.

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