Background: The prevalence of Diabetes is increasing globally and these numbers include women with Gestational diabetes mellitus also. Based on demographic projections made by United Nations Population Division for the year 2025, WHO issued estimates of adults with diabetes in all countries and reported that there will be more women with diabetes than men and we may anticipate a considerable increase in the burden of GDM especially in less prosperous countries. 'Gestational Diabetes Mellitus' (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Worldwide prevalence of GDM varies between 1.4-14 %. The prevalence of Gestational diabetes mellitus in India varies from 3.8 to 21% in different parts of the country, depending on the geographical locations and diagnostic methods used. Gestational diabetes mellitus has been found to be more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas.Women diagnosed to have GDM are at increased risk of future diabetes predominantly type 2 DM as are their children. Aims & Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Gestational Diabetes mellitus and various socio-demographic factors of the studied subjects. Material and Methods: A Community based cross sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of Government Medical College Srinagar (Block Hazratbal: District Srinagar).The study was conducted for a period of one year from April 2011 to March 2012. All pregnant women in 24 weeks of gestation and above after undergoing preliminary clinical examination were given a 75 g oral glucose load, without taking in to consideration the time since last meal. Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed if 2 hour plasma glucose was ≥140 mg/dl (DIPSI guidelines, a modified version of the WHO criterion). Tests of proportions (Chi square) and unpaired t-test were used to obtain results. Results: A total of 306 women were registered for the study. The prevalence rate of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was 7.8 % and all the cases were newly diagnosed during the study. Among various risk factors associated significantly with GDM were Gravida status, Parity and History of abortion. Overall, there was a preponderance of illiterate females (52.9%). However, the association between GDM and literacy was found to be non-significant at p > 0.05. The majority of females were home makers (96.4%) and occupation did not influence the prevalence of GDM. Majority of the studied population belonged to socioeconomic class III (Modified BG Prasad). Conclusion: Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its co-morbidities among females need immediate attention in terms of prevention and health education.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), represents an important public health challenge that is both preventable and treatable. This study provides population based spirometry data on the burden of COPD in adult population of Kashmir Valley. Objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its associated risk factors in age group 40 years and above among Kashmiri population.Methods: This study was conducted from April 2012 to December 2014. Multi stage gender stratified cluster sampling was employed to select 30 clusters from two blocks of Kashmir. A total of 504 males and 521 females performed acceptable spirometry after providing information on personal characteristics and relevant risk factors. Participants: Adults aged 40 years and above of Kashmiri ethnicity with no contraindication for spirometry. Variables: Proportion of subjects with FEV1/FVC less than 0.70, percent predicted FEV1 and FVC. Statistical methods: Descriptive statistics using frequencies, chi square test.Results: Overall prevalence of COPD at stage I or higher was 15.90%, and was higher in males (19.05) than in females (12.08). The prevalence of Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 COPD was 8.8%, 5.2%, 1.4% and 0.6% respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence was associated with increased age and tobacco smoking. COPD prevalence was 2.7%, 22%, 28.2% in non-smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers respectively. 59.5% subjects had a positive history of tobacco exposure.Conclusions: This study concludes that there is a high prevalence of COPD in Kashmir, high prevalence of COPD is attributed to high incidence of tobacco smoking in the study population.

Introduction: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has been recognized as a public health problem in India Enlargement of thyroid gland is the common manifestation of the IDD and goiter prevalence survey is used as diagnostic tool for identifying areas of IDD. Failure to undertake early detection and intervention measure results in secondary disabling conditions. Aim: In the present study we have estimated the prevalence of goiter in the age group of 6-12 years in district Bandipura of Jammu and Kashmir state, India and have assessed type of salt consumed by the population. Material and Methods: This was a Cross-sectional study conducted in Bandipura district of J and K state and the study was conducted between July 2018 to October 2018. Sampling method was Gender stratified cluster sampling technique and the sample size was based on a goiter prevalence of 30% and 95% confidence interval. 30 clusters were selected and each cluster included 90 children. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and then analyzed using appropriate statistical software. Data was interpreted using percentages, means and SD. Results: The prevalence of grade 1 and grade 2 goitre in males was 35.6% and 15.1% respectively whereas it was 30.8% and 15.1% in females and the prevalence was more in males to the extent of 52.08% and in girls it was 49.23%. Goitre was found to be highest (51.7%) in subjects 12 years of age and lowest (40.6%) in subjects aged 7 years of age. There was a significantly higher goitre prevalence in children who consumed crystalline/non-iodised salt than in children consuming iodised salt. The TGR was 61.4% and 46.9% in children consuming non-iodised and iodised salt respectively Conclusion: We conclude our study with the finding that population of Bandipura district in the north Kashmir is severely iodine deficient. We recommended a major thrust in the implementation of NIDDCP in the said district with regular and continuous monitoring of iodine status.