Objective: To identify and evaluate the effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in augmenting healing in fracture non-unions. Methods: A focused literature search was performed on the PubMed/MEDLINE index using the keywords: “non-union”, “mesenchymal stem cells”, “bone healing”, “MSC”, “stem cells”, and their MeSH terms. The search was reiterated until the 10th of August 2022. Clinical studies were included that assessed the effect of MSCs on fracture non-unions. Results: Thirteen human clinical trials, studying a total of 318 participants were identified and studied. MSCs with and without biological or synthetic scaffolds were found to be effective in healing of non-unions. Conclusion: MSCs has been demonstrated to have promising outcomes in the treatment of bone non-union and tissue engineering methods utilizing MSCs may well prove to be valuable in accelerating the process of bone union. However, clinical application of MSCs as a standard method in achieving union in fracture non-unions requires larger clinical trials with a standardised approach to analyzing outcomes. Keywords: Medline, Mesenchymal, Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering, Fractures

Objective: To assess the utility and validation of the Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) in predicting postoperative complications of hip fractures. Methods: This prospective observational study included patients who received operations for hip fractures from 1st March 2017 to 30th June 2018 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College. Patients were followed at the outpatient department, and complications and mortality were recorded through phone calls. The predictability of SAS for postoperative complications was assessed. Results: SAS≤4 was found as a significant predictor for postoperative pulmonary (P=0.008) and cardiac complications (P=0.042) as well as blood transfusion required to optimize postoperative hemoglobin (P=0.03) in the patients with hip fractures. Conclusions: SAS provides reliable feedback information about patients' postoperative risk during the surgery. Hip fracture patients with scores≤4 should be monitored for major complications both during the hospital admission and after the discharge.