Objective: To determine the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant females. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and department of Pathology, Dow University of health sciences, From February 2021 to January 2022. Methodology: Five hundred pregnant ladies with gestational age between 24-28 weeks with any parity were included. These women were challenged with 75 grams of oral glucose solution and blood glucose levels were estimated at one-hour post-prandial. The cut-off limit was set to 140 mg/dl and women with more than this value were subjected to a 2 hr 75 grams oral glucose tolerance test to confirm the diagnosis of GDM. Results: Out of a total of 500 pregnant women, the mean age, gestational age and BMI were 26.4±4.3 years, 27.0±10.2 weeks and 27.6±4.3 kg/m2. There were 59 (11.8%) women who were found to have a positive glucose challenge test (GCT) while the remaining 441 (88.2%) had plasma glucose below 140 mg/dl. Furthermore, 59 OGTT results showed that 43 (8.6%) women had GDM. Women with GDM had significantly higher age (p<0.0001), higher BMI (p=0.0064) and multigravidity (0.0191) Practical Implications: Oral glucose challenge test can be administered in all pregnant women particularly in high risk individuals. Conclusion: The frequency of GDM was high. Pregnant ladies should be screened for GDM in time to prevent further complications during and after pregnancy. Keywords: Blood glucose, gestational diabetes mellitus, post-prandial.

Background: In developing countries, miscarriage is one of the common and increasing problems of pregnancy. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women with miscarriage in our population. Materials & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 3rd November 2015 to 2nd May 2016. Sample size was 268 pregnant women with miscarriage selected through consecutive sampling technique. Inclusion criteria were all pregnant women with miscarriage. Exclusion criteria were molar pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy and diabetics. HbA1c levels of ≤6% was taken as normal, whereas a level >6 was taken as raised level or pre-gestational diabetes. Variables were age, pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, number of pregnancies and duration of pregnancy (≤24, >24). Mean and SD were calculated for quantitative while frequency and percentages for qualitative variables. Descriptive analysis was performed by using SPSS version 16. Results: Mean age of the patients was 27.66 ±4.93 years. Out of 268 participants, 81(30.22%) were having pre-gestational diabetes mellitus and 187(69.78) were normal, 234(87.31%) were having first pregnancy whereas 34 were having >1 pregnancies, the pre-gestational age ≤ 24 weeks were 130(48.51%) and >24 weeks were 138(51.49%). Conclusion: One third of the patients with miscarriage were having pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. Almost half of the patients were having gestational age of

This paper presents selected aspects of experience with the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUD) in rural West Pakistan. There were 1,162 IUD cases analyzed with respect to retention or non-retention. Retention rates were estimated, using life table methods, to be between 55 and 75 percent at one year; the smaller figure was obtained when theIUD was considered to be in situ only until the last examination, when it was observed to be in place. The latter or larger figure was obtained when the IUD was considered to be in situ unless known to be out.The extent of follow-up greatly affects estimates of the length of time the IUD remains in situ. Retention also varies with the type of I UD employed; exclusive use of Loop 3, which has the best retention record of those used,may be expected to yield higher retention rates by as much as 5 to 10 percent for one year. A number of other factors were examined that might explain non-retention. The objective variables that were examined in this experience, such as age, previous contraception, and husband's illiteracy, were on the whole rather poor predictors of IUD retention. Expulsion and other medical complications appear to account for most discontinuance of use of the IUD.

Objectives: To compare the fetal and maternal outcomes in interventional (induction of labor) verses expectant management of prelabour rupture of membranes at term.Materials and Methods: This Randomized control trial was conducted from December 2014 to June 2015 in obstetrics and gynecology department civil hospital Karachi.. A total of 284 patients were recruited via non probability consecutive sampling technique. Women were randomized into group A (intervention group) & Group B (expectant group). Randomization was blinded and was done by opening of the closed envelopes. Women in group A induced with tablet prostaglandin E2 placed in posterior vaginal fornix (2 doses 6 hours apart) group B expectant group patient monitored for 24 hours for spontaneous initiation of labour, under strict fetomaternal monitoring. (Fetal heart rate (<160bmp) was monitored one hourly and maternal vital signs (pulse <100bmp) four hourly, If patients in group B did not go into labor till 24 hours, they were induced. Labour management was according to normal labour protocols. The management outcomes were measured and recorded on approved Performa.Results: Average ages was 27.6 ± 6.1 in interventional group and 27.7 + 6.2 years in expectant group with mean duration of labor was 9.4 ± 4.9 and 13.6 ± 5.7 respectively and mean duration of PROM was 3.1 ± 1.9 and 2.9 ± 2.0. When APGAR score were compared, 9(6.3%) had APGAR score < 7 in interventional group and 13(9%) had APGAR score < 7 in expectant group, showed no significant difference but when Chorioamnionitis were compared, 8(5.9%) had positive in interventional group and 28(19.7%) had positive in expectant group and showed significant difference.Conclusion: This trial concluded that the interventional management leads to reduced Chorioamnionitis as compared to expectant management but did not find the differences in the rates of fetal outcome.