4D ultrasound enables visualization of more details of the dynamics of small anatomical structures. Therefore, body and limb movements can be visualized a week earlier than with 2D.

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3DUS and 4DUS provided additional information for the diagnosis of facial anomalies, evaluation of neural tube defects, and skeletal malformations. Additional research is needed to determine the clinical utility of 3DUS and 4DUS for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, central nervous system (CNS) anomalies and detection of fetal neurodevelopmental impairment assessed by abnormal behavior in high-risk fetuses.

The main goal of our study was to assess the true incidence of surgically correctable uterine abnormalities (congenital uterine anomalies, submucous leiomyoma, endometrial polyps and intrauterine synechiae) in the infertile population attending our tertiary infertility clinic. All of the infertile patients enrolled in the study were evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasound. Another objective was to assess pregnancy rates before and after operative hysteroscopy in patients affected by uterine causes of infertility. Good quality 3D images were obtained in all 3850 infertile patients, and in 23.2% of them 3D US revealed surgically correctable uterine abnormalities. The incidence of uterine septum in our general infertile population was 17.9%. Uterine septum was the most common uterine abnormality accounting for 77.1% of the intracavitary lesions. Out of 310 patients that were followed-up, 225 (72.6%) patients achieved pregnancy. The rate of term deliveries after septal incision was 57.7%, while 15.4% of patients had preterm deliveries. The rate of spontaneous abortions dropped from 41.7% before, to 11.9% after hysteroscopic resection of the septum. Three-dimensional ultrasound can be used as a screening method for detection of uterine abnormalities in patients suffering from infertility. We found significant improvement in reproductive outcome after operative hysteroscopy in secondary infertile patients with septate uterus and/or other uterine abnormalities.

The aim of our study was to assess the volume of the gestational sac and yolk sac throughout the first trimester of pregnancy, and to establish the relationship between the yolk sac volume measurements and vascularity visualization rates. Eighty women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 5 and 12 weeks were evaluated by three-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound (Combison 530, Kretztechnik). Regression analysis revealed exponential rise of the gestational sac volume with gestational age throughout the first trimester. An exponential rise of the yolk sac volume was noticed between gestational weeks 5 and 8, followed by gradual increase of the yolk sac volume between the gestational weeks 8 and 10. After reaching the plateau from 10 to 11 weeks, yolk sac volume started to decrease. The highest visualization rates for the yolk sac vessels were obtained between gestational weeks 7 and 8. When yolk sac reached the maximum size between 10 and 11 weeks, reduced vascularity was demonstrated. Three-dimensional ultrasound allowed estimation of the gestational sac and yolk sac volumes throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. Both of these measurements seem to be useful prognostic parameters for the pregnancy outcome. The combination of functional and volumetric data provides much useful information on early human development.