Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancers among women worldwide after breast cancer. It is the only cancer in which early diagnosis of precancerous lesions can be done by a very simple and sensitive test that is, paps test. Knowledge of the women about cervical cancer risk factors and awareness about its screening are the key factors that may decrease the mortality and morbidity caused by cancer cervix. Most of the cases of cervical cancer in India are diagnosed very late, because of lack of awareness about risk factors and screening methods, resulting in fatal outcome. So, this study was done to assess the knowledge of risk factors for cervical cancer, and paps smear test for its screening.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 women aged 18-55 years, attending Gynaecology Out-Patient Department (OPD) in a tertiary care hospital in Lucknow. Information about their knowledge of cervical cancer, awareness of its prevention and their socio demographic characters were collected by a questionnaire.Results: Majority (47%) of the females were in 26-35 years of age. (81.5%) were from rural background. 88% women were not aware of cervical cancer and its risk factors. 6.5% women were aware of the paps test. 8% were aware of probability of early diagnosis. Majority (98.5%) were not aware of vaccination as prevention for cervical cancer.Conclusions: Present study population shows very poor knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors and is unaware of the concept of prevention. Hence extensive health education to the public is needed regarding cervical cancer and its prevention.

Objective: This cross sectional observational study was done to asses awareness regarding family planning methods and the practice of contraceptives among rural women in Lucknow. Materials and Methods: Five hundred women between the ages of 15-45 years, living with their husbands and coming from rural area, attending gynecology OPD of integral institute of medical sciences and research, Dasauli, Lucknow were included in this study. Women who were pregnant, had a child younger than 2 years, or had any medical disorder were excluded. Their knowledge, source of knowledge and practice of contraceptives were evaluated with the help of a predesigned questionnaire. The other variables used were the age of women, parity, religion and educational status. Results were expressed as percentages. Results: Out of 500 interviewed majority of women (49.2%) were between 22-25 years of age. 61% were illiterate belonging to low socioeconomic status, 63.3% belonged to Hindu religion. In the present study, it was observed that, 94.4% had some knowledge about family planning methods, and almost all (94.4%) of them were aware about Cu T and oral pills. The media and social circle were provided information of contraceptives in 46.6% women. Regarding the usage of contraceptive methods, 41.2% of the respondents were using some sort of contraception. Barrier method (condoms) was in practice by 26.8%, pills in 5.6%. Cu T users were 3.2% and 1.2% were using DMPA for contraception. 4.4% of women had already undergone tubal ligation. It was noted that awareness about pills and Copper was good, but their practices were very low. There were multiple reasons for non use like fear of side effects, no support from the husbands, low fertility, inhibition to ask about the contraceptives. Conclusion:There is need for strong motivation of couples through media and health personnel to achieve effective use of contraceptives, specially for Cu T and oral pills.

A 41-year-old female presented to the gynecology outpatient department with a history of continuous, excessive bleeding, lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge for the past two years. She was multiparous and had delivered two children, both vaginally. The last delivery was 14 years back. The patient gave history of dilatation and curettage at 6 weeks of gestation for incomplete abortion, approximately three and a half years back. Despite conventional hormone therapy, the patient was not relieved. She had no other relevant history suggestive of any systemic disorder. On general examination, she appeared normal except mild pallor was observed. Bimanual examination revealed bulky uterus with mild bilateral tenderness. Ultrasound of pelvis revealed presence of hyper echoic foci measuring 9mm and 15×10mm in the uterine cavity [Table/ Fig-1]. So, dilatation and curettage was done. During curettage gritty sensation was felt and only scanty tissue was removed and it was subjected to histopathological examination. The report revealed chronic endometritis. The decision for hysterectomy was taken since there was no response to the previous treatment and she had no desire of having more children. Obstetrics and Gynaecology SectionEndometrial Osseous Metaplasia-A Rare Presentation of Polymenorrhagia:A Case Report ABSTRACTEndometrial ossification is a rare entity in which bones are found in the uterus. Exact aetiopathogenesis is not known but the most accepted theory is metaplasia of stromal cells into osteoblast cells result in the formation of bones. The possibility of malignant mixed mullerian tumour should be in the mind of clinician and pathologist while making diagnosis. We hereby report an extremely rare case, which is among very few reported cases in the world, in which endometrial ossification presented in a perimenopausal female with polymenorrhagia.A 41-year-old multiparous patient presented with irregular bleeding per vaginum for the past two years. She was found to be a case of endometrial calcification with osseous metaplasia with presence of bones varying from 7mm -1.5 cms size in the uterine cavity. She was successfully managed by total abdominal hysterectomy.On cut section, uterus showed 3 bony fragments of approx.

Background: Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in obstetrics worldwide. Over  the last three decades, a tremendous increase in cesarean section rates has been observed globally, which is a cause for concern as procedure is associated with higher morbidity and mortality compared to vaginal delivery. This study was done to analyze the rate and indications for cesarean section and associated maternal morbidity and mortality.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of 6 months from 1st October 2017 to 31st March 2018 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow, India. Data of patients who were admitted for delivery in department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in OPD or emergency were recorded. Statistical analysis of various parameters namely, the cesarean section rates, its indications, the patient’s morbidity and mortality was done.Results: The total numbers of women delivered over the study period were 577, out of which 210 patients underwent cesarean sections. The overall cesarean section rate in our study was 36.39%. Previous cesarean section was the leading indication of cesarean section (31.9%) followed by arrest of labor (18.1%), CPD (14.2%), and fetal distress (12.9%). Breech presentation (5.2%), failed induction of labor (4.8%), pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) (3.8%), oligohydramnios (3.3%), obstructed labor (2.4%), APH (1.4%), multiple pregnancy and BOH accounted for 0.95% of cesarean sections. 9% patients had few complications mainly minor wound infection (2.4%) and postpartum hemorrhage (2%). There was no mortality during this period.Conclusions: Previous cesarean section has been found to be the main indication for cesarean section. So primary cesarean section should be reduced to decrease the overall cesarean rates. A comprehensive, evidence based approach needs to be introduced to monitor indication of all cesarean section.