Background The first few minutes after birth are the most dangerous for the survival of an infant. Babies in neonatal intensive care units are either under heated or overheated, and hypothermic infants remain hypothermic or develop a fever. As a result, special attention must be paid to monitoring and maintaining the time of recovery from hypothermia states. Despite numerous studies, only a few have examined the transition from neonatal hypothermia and associated risk factors in depth. Method A retrospective observational study was conducted to track axillary temperatures taken at the time of neonatal intensive care unit admission, which were then tracked every 30 minutes until the newborn’s temperature stabilized. All hypothermic neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2018 and December 2020 was included in the study. Temperature data were available at birth and within the first three hours of admission for 391 eligible hypothermic neonates. The effect of factors on the transition rate in different states of hypothermia was estimated using a multi-state Markov model. Result The likelihood of progressing from mild to severe hypothermia was 5%, while the likelihood of progressing to normal was 34%. The average time spent in a severe hypothermia state was 48, 35, and 24 minutes for three different levels of birth weight, and 53, 41, and 31 minutes for low, moderate, and normal Apgar scores, respectively. Furthermore, the mean sojourn time in a severe hypothermia state was 48, 39, and 31 minutes for three different levels of high, normal, and low pulse rate, respectively. Conclusion For hypothermic survivors within the first three hours of life, very low birth weight, low Apgar, and high pulse rate had the strongest association with hypothermia and took the longest time to improve/recover. As a result, there is an urgent need to train all levels of staff dealing with maintaining the time of recovery from neonatal hypothermia.

Background: The first few minutes after birth are the most dangerous for the survival of an infant. Babies in neonatal intensive care units are either under heated or overheated, and hypothermic infants remain hypothermic or develop a fever. As a result, special attention must be paid to monitoring and maintaining the time of recovery from hypothermia states. Despite numerous studies, only a few have examined the transition from neonatal hypothermia and associated risk factors in depth. Method: A retrospective observational study was conducted to track axillary temperatures taken at the time of neonatal intensive care unit admission, which were then tracked every 30 minutes until the newborn's temperature stabilized. All hypothermic neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2018 and December 2020 was included in the study. Temperature data were available at birth and within the first three hours of admission for 391 eligible hypothermic neonates. The effect of factors on the transition rate in different states of hypothermia was estimated using a multi-state Markov model. Result: The likelihood of progressing from mild to severe hypothermia was 5%, while the likelihood of progressing to normal was 34%. The average time spent in a severe hypothermia state was 48, 35, and 24 minutes for three different levels of birth weight, and 53, 41, and 31 minutes for low, moderate, and normal Apgar scores, respectively. Furthermore, the mean sojourn time in a severe hypothermia state was 48, 39, and 31 minutes for three different levels of high, normal, and low pulse rate, respectively. Conclusion: For hypothermic survivors within the first three hours of life, very low birth weight, low Apgar, and high pulse rate had the strongest association with hypothermia and took the longest time to improve/recover. As a result, there is an urgent need to train all levels of staff dealing with maintaining the time of recovery from neonatal hypothermia.

Background: Contraceptive methods are one of the most important health interventions of the twenty-first century, and they are critical in slowing population growth and improving women's and family health. Contraceptive methods are now a global issue in general, and in developing countries in particular. Method: This study sought to identify the factors associated with the timing of the use of modern contraceptive methods among Ethiopian women. The study's data were based on EDHS (2016) obtained from CSA. To identify the risk factors associated with when to use modern contraceptive methods, a parametric survival model with frailty was used and compared using AIC and log-likelihood ratio test. Result: The study found that out of a total of 7,890 women, 6,829 (86.55 percent) of the 7,890 women did not use modern contraceptive methods or were censored, while 1,061 (13.45 percent) used modern contraceptive methods during the follow-up period. The minimum and maximum value of time for women to use modern contraceptive methods was one and thirty years, respectively. During the study period, the overall mean and median uptake time were 23.45 and 22 years, respectively. About 20.69 percent of women between the ages of 25 and 29 have used modern contraceptive methods. It is estimated that 20.52 percent of women aged 20 to 24 have used a modern contraceptive method. The modern contraceptive method was used by 19.83 percent of women aged 30-34 years. Modern contraceptive methods were used by 5.56 percent of women aged 45-49 years. In terms of location, 6.83 percent of women in urban areas used modern contraceptive methods, while 6.62 percent of women in rural areas did. there is a significant relationship between women's age group and the time they use modern contraceptive methods. When all other variables were held constant, the estimated time to modern contraceptive uptake for women aged 35-39 years, 40-44 years, and 45-49 years increased by 21.6 percent, 28.5 percent, and 46.6 percent, respectively, when compared to women aged 15-19 years. In Ethiopia, the majority of women who do not receive medical care are those who live in rural areas, and the findings of this study revealed that residence has a significant impact, with women living in rural areas having a 15.5 percent shorter estimated time to use modern contraceptive methods than women living in urban areas. Table 4 further shows that the wealth index has a significant effect on the time to use modern contraceptive methods. When the effects of other variables were held constant, the relative risk of time to use modern contraceptive methods was reduced by 8.3 percent and 17.3 percent for women in the middle and rich wealth index categories, respectively, compared to women in the poor wealth index categories. The educational level of women had a significant impact on the time it took to use modern contraceptive methods. When other variables in the model were held constant, the estimated time to modern contraceptive uptake increased by 5.5 percent and 5.6 percent for primary, secondary, and higher education women, respectively, when compared to illiterate women.Conclusion: The Weibull regression survival model with Gamma frailty model was an appropriate fit of time to use modern contraceptive methods among the fitted frailty models. In comparison to the non-frailty survival models, the estimated frailty model, which accounts for unobservable regional heterogeneity, was found to be more appropriate for fitting time to use modern contraceptive methods across Ethiopian regions. Furthermore, using the selected frailty model results, the independent variables age, place of residence, wealth index, educational status, and television awareness information were identified as factors associated with the time to use modern contraceptive methods at a 5% level of significance.

Background: Contraceptive methods are one of the most important health interventions of the twenty-first century, and they are critical in slowing population growth and improving women's and family health. Contraceptive methods are now a global issue in general, and in developing countries in particular. Method: This study sought to identify the factors associated with the timing of the use of modern contraceptive methods among Ethiopian women. The study's data were based on EDHS (2016) obtained from CSA. To identify the risk factors associated with when to use modern contraceptive methods, a parametric survival model with frailty was used and compared using AIC and log-likelihood ratio test. Result: The study found that out of a total of 7,890 women, approximately 1,061 (13.45 percent) used modern contraceptive methods, while 6829 (86.55 percent) did not. Conclusion: The Weibull regression survival model with Gamma frailty model was an appropriate fit of time to use modern contraceptive methods among the fitted frailty models. In comparison to the non-frailty survival models, the estimated frailty model, which accounts for unobservable regional heterogeneity, was found to be more appropriate for fitting time to use modern contraceptive methods across Ethiopian regions. Furthermore, using the selected frailty model results, the independent variables age, place of residence, wealth index, educational status, and television awareness information were identified as factors associated with the time to use modern contraceptive methods at a 5% level of significance.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Intestinal parasitic infections and HIV/AIDS have been the leading and persisting public health problems in the world. There vital causes of morbidity and mortality are remarkably high in Sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending Saint Peter hospital from December 2019 to May 2020. A total of 328 participants were select by using convenient sampling method. Socio-demographic data and knowledge, attitude and practice were collected using a structured questioner. Stool specimen was collected using clean container and processed and analyzed for parasitological examination using direct wet mount, formal-ether sedimentation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining techniques. Venous blood was collected and the CD4+ T-lymphocyte and hemoglobin analyzed by Presto instrument. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23 and p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 328 HIV-positive individuals (59.8% female) of age ranging from 13-72 years (mean=41.8, SD=10.8) participated in this study. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among the study participants was 26.2% (86/328), from this 88.4% (76/86) was infected by single parasite. IP was significantly associated with CD4 count &lt;200 AOR (4.736 CI: 2.338-9.594; p&lt;0.001) and also anemia AOR (3.271 CI: 1.069-10.010).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Intestinal parasitic infections are still common health problems among HIV/ADIS patients in the study area, so the health professionals need to give attention to parasitological examinations in the routine treatment of HIV/AIDS patients and also give education on these three parts knowledge, attitude and practice, but more focus and follow up on the practice of HIV/AIDS patients on transmission, prevention and control mechanisms of intestinal parasitosis.</p>