Pectin was extracted from cocoa husk using two solvents (ammonium oxalate and acetic acid), extraction times (60 and 120 min) and pH (1.6, 2.6, 3.6 and 4.6). The pectin characteristics were yield, moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl, anhydrogalacturonic acid and degree of esterification. The result showed that the yield of pectin was 10.44 to 17.30%, the moisture content was 10.46 to 12.35%, ash was 8.45 to 12.93%, equivalent weight was 510.68 to 645.19, methoxyl was 4.62 to 6.01%, anhydrogalacturonic acid of 55.04 to 63.54% and the esterification degree of 45.26 to 55.31%. Ammonium oxalate was effective at pH 4.6, while the acetic acid was effective at pH 2.6 in pectin extraction. The extraction time for 120 min gave a higher yield compared to 60 min. Ammonium oxalate at pH 4.6 for 120 min has given the highest yield of pectin.

Using CBHEE as mouth rinse for children has been proven highly effective in reducing mutans streptococci colony counts in the mouth.

Abstract. This work aims at determining the optimized parameter to prepare cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion by using high pressure homogenizer (2 passes at 900 bar) and ultra turrax T25 (12000 rpm for 5 min). Thirteen formulation of cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion obtained by Design Expert software were prepared at a range of oil and surfactant concentration between of 5% and 10% (v/v). Commercial cinnamaldehyde was blended with deionized water and Tween 80 (emulsifier). The responses used in obtaining the optimized condition were droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and emulsion stability (ζ-potential). Result showed that nanoemulsion prepared using 5% (v/v) cinnamaldehyde and 5% (v/v) Tween 80 and homogenized using high pressure homogenizer (APV, Germany) has the smallest size of droplet. The response surface plots for droplet size showed that droplet size (diameter, nm) decreased as the concentration of cinnamaldehyde oil and Tween 80 decreased. However ζ-potential value (mV) showed an increment as the cinnamaldehyde oil concentration decreased and Tween 80 increased. The optimum formulation as predicted by response surface methodology in order to produce a stable cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion was at 5% cinnamaldehyde oil and 7.11% Tween 80. At this optimized conditions the droplet size and ζ-potential values were 56.56 nm and -4.32 mV, respectively.

Abstract. This study objective was to determine the dose of organic and inorganic fertilizers which can increase N, P and K nutrients uptake as well as the growth and yield of sweet corn on inceptisol soil of lowland swamp. Inceptisol soil has low soil fertility and relatively low to moderate levels of organic matter content. Application of organic fertilizer on inceptisol soil of lowland swampis expected capable to increase N, P and K nutrients as well as yield of sweet corn. This research was conducted from April to July 2014 at Experimental Farm Area of Pulau Semambu Village, Indralaya Utara Subdistrict, Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatra Province. The method used in this research was randomized block design consisting treatments as follows: 75% inorganic fertilizer + 5 ton.ha -1 organic fertilizer, 50% inorganic fertilizer + 5 ton.ha -1 organic fertilizer, 25% inorganic fertilizer + 5 ton.ha -1 organic fertilizer, 0% inorganic fertilizer + 5 ton.ha -1 organic fertilizer with six replications. The recommended dose of inorganic fertilizerswas 200 kg.ha -1 urea, 100 kg.ha -1 SP-36 and 100 kg. ha -1 KCl. The results showed that treatment of 75% of inorganic fertilizer + 5 ton.ha -1 organic fertilizer had produced N, P and K nutrients uptake with magnitude of 1.850, 0.418 and 2.374 g.plant -1 respectively as well as good growth and yield of sweet corn with magnitude of 356.36 g. plant -1 or 15.21 ton ha -1 .

Folklore found in Indonesia has a moral value that is beneficial for its readers or listeners. The folklores occasionally have similarities with folklores from other regions both in terms of the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of the works. For example, folklores Bawang Merah Bawang Putih from Indonesia and the story of Putri Arabella from Malaysia share similarities in terms of intrinsic elements and moral values. This study attempts to investigate the comparison of these folklores using a comparative literary theory. Three main intrinsic elements that are compared include characters and characterizations, settings, and plot. Meanwhile, the comparison of the moral values between the two folklores is focused on individual moral, social moral, and religious moral. The study shows that the intrinsic elements of Bawang Merah Bawang Putih stories have several connections with Putri Arabella from Malaysia, other than the moral values of the two stories. However, there is also a difference found between the two stories especially in the ending part of the story.