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The fundamentals of ignition, NO x (NO and N 2 O) emissions, and ash formation characteristics for biomass and mixtures of coal with biomass are precisely elucidated in this study. In this study, biomass, coal, and a biomass-coal mixture are burned, using an electrically heated drop tube furnace. In the combustion test, the focus is on the ignition behavior, combustion efficiency, NO x emission behavior, and formation characteristics of particulate matter, based on the results of gas compositions along the furnace axis and a collection of particulate matter by a low-pressure impactor. As a result, the addition of biomass into low-rank coal affects combustion behavior, especially for ignition enhancement. The NO and N 2 O concentrations in co-combustion are almost the same as those in coal combustion, even if the quantity of input fuel nitrogen under the cocombustion condition is half of that under the coal combustion conditions. A kinetic simulation of the NO and N 2 O behavior results is conducted, using the homogeneous reaction schemes at constant temperature. The simulation result of NO concentration agrees with the experimental result obtained. However, the N 2 O concentration calculated is less than the experimental result, because the heterogeneous schemes that are related to N 2 O are not considered in this simulation. Fine particulates with a size of <2 µm during biomass combustion are produced. Burning the biomass with coal shifts the particle size distribution from fine particles to coarse particles, which can be captured by dust collection systems.

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This study investigated the utilization of liquid smoke as a natural preservative in fish balls without reducing their nutrition and aesthetic value. The liquid smoke used in this research was obtained through pyrolysis of palm kernel shells at temperatures of 340, 360, and 380°C. The resulting liquid smoke was then purified using a two-stage distillation process at a temperature of 200°C in order to remove unwanted compounds. This grade-1 liquid smoke was then used to preserve fish balls. The parameters assessed to monitor the fish balls' preservation were total volatile bases (TVB), pH, and organoleptic test results. The results showed that the smallest TVB value of 12.66 mgN/100 g at 20 hours was obtained for fish balls preserved using liquid smoke pyrolysis at 380°C (3% concentration). The organoleptic test showed that 90% of respondents preferred the taste, aroma, and texture of the fish balls preserved using liquid smoke pyrolysis at a temperature of 340°C (2% concentration). The pH test showed that the fish balls preserved using liquid smoke possessed a pH above 6, meaning that they were in good condition.

Combustion of coal and co-combustion of their co-fuel contribute to gas emissions. Among the gas emissions are SO x , NO x , CO and CO 2 . Introduction of calcium based adsorbent is addressed to absorb SO 2 that release to the atmosphere during the combustion process. Objective of the research is at first to observe the physical characteristics of biobriquettes as a function of briquette compositions (coal to palm kernel shell ratios) and Ca/S ratios (Ca in adsorbent and S in briquette) using a natural adsorbent (shellfish waste). The second objective is to investigate desulfurization characteristics as a function of Ca/S ratios and desulfurization temperatures at coal to palm kernel shell ratio of 90:10 (wt %). Ratios of coal to palm kernel shell in this study are 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50; and Ca/S ratios are 1:1, 1.25:1, 1.5:1, 1.75:1 and 2:1. Binding agent used is the mixture of Jatropha curcas seeds and starch as much as 10% (wt). It was found that introducing the palm kernel shell and adsorbents in the coal briquette affect the water resistant and compressive strength. The highest water resistance and compressive strength were 5,165 second and 34 kg/cm 2 , respectively. The lowest SO 2 level found in this study was 1 ppm for all Ca/S ratios, except for 1:1.