Adherence to therapy is a very important factor for the outcome and has to be assessed when evaluating the outcome of an H. pylori eradication regimen in order to understand the reasons of treatment failure. As we treated only after evaluation of the resistance of the H. Pylori strains, we were expecting to reach the given objective of 90% successful treatment. Children with adherence to treatment above 90% had a successful outcome of 89,9%, whereas nonadherent had a successful outcome of 36,8%. This is the first time that adherence has been assessed accurately.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 10-day quadruple therapy containing colloidal bismuth sub-citrate (CBS), esomeprazole (ESO), amoxicillin (AMO), and metronidazole (MET) for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in children. Methods: Monocentric, open-label, prospective, single-arm clinical trial in children aged 6-17 years with H. pylori infection. The study was carried out on consecutive patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and H. pylori infection confirmed by histology and culture of gastric biopsies. The outcome was evaluated using a 13 C-urea breath test 8-10 weeks post-therapy. Adverse events and compliance were evaluated by daily journal and pill counting. Results: A total of 36 children fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Eight (22.2%) of them had a prior H. pylori eradication treatment. Thirteen (36.1%) patientswere infected by a strain resistant to MET and 8 (22.2%) by a strain resistant to both MET and Clarithromycin (CLA). In the intention-to-treat population (ITT), eradication was achieved in 35/36 patients (95%CI: 85%−99%). Twenty-three children reported at least one adverse event (63.8%), mostly mild (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dark stool, metallic taste, headache, and rash). The compliance rate was high, with 30 (83.3%) patients taking >90% of the treatment. Conclusion:10-day quadruple therapy containing CBS, ESO, AMO, and MET for H. pylori eradication in children is a safe and very effective solution, especially for previously treated patients and those infected with double resistant strains.

Introduction:The intestinal microbiota may play a role in the disease process of IBD. In this study we examined the small and large intestinal microbiota in children at the time of diagnosis of IBD, before medical treatment had been instituted.Patients and methods: Faecal samples were obtained from children with suspected IBD before bowel cleaning and duodenal fluids at duodenalscopy. The samples were transported anaerobically and cultivated quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria within 24h. After diagnosis was established, microbiota composition was compared between the diagnostic groups; ulcerative colitis (UC n¼20), Crohn's disease (CD, n¼10) and diseased controls i.e. children in whom the IBD diagnosis was excluded and with no histological signs of mucosal inflammation (n¼24). Faecal samples from healthy control children (n¼11) were also included for comparison. Children with indeterminate colitis (n¼1), other type of colitis (allergic, infectious, unspecific n¼8) and celiac disease (n¼2) were excluded from the analyses due to small group numbers.Results: The duodenal microbiota did not differ significantly between the diagnostic groups. In contrast children with UC had a distinctly different faecal microbiota compared with diseased and healthy controls. Thus, children with UC had a significantly lower ratio of anaerobic to facultative bacteria in faeces (respectively 30 compared with 500 in diseased and healthy controls, p¼0.0001 and p¼0.001). Further, children in the UC group had lower counts of anaerobic bacteria (average: 10 8.8 Colony Forming Unit, CFU/g faeces) compared with diseased (10 10.1 CFU/g faeces) and healthy (10 10.2 CFU/g faeces) controls (p ¼ 0.0001 for both). The low proportion of anaerobic bacteria in the UC group was unrelated to frequency of diarrhoea or to precence of blood in stools. Among the anaerobes, bifidobacteria and clostridia were both significantly reduced in children with UC compared with diseased controls (p ¼ 0.002 and p ¼ 0.03, respectively) and healthy controls (p ¼ 0.006 and p ¼ 0.02, respectively), whereas the counts of Bacteroides did not differ between the diagnostic groups. Furthermore, the children presenting with UC had significantly increased ratio of Gram-negative to Gram-positive bacteria in faeces compared with diseased (p ¼ 0.02) and healthy (p ¼ 0.03) controls.Conclusions: The results suggest that the microbiota in UC is dysbalanced with a relative lack of certain Gram-positive anaerobes and a relative increase in facultative and Gram-negative bacteria. This dysbalanced microbiota in the colon might provoke and perpetuate inflammation.