It is important to decipher the balance between detrimental and beneficial effects of the immune system in MI. This enables us to identify better therapeutic targets for reducing the infarct size, sustaining the cardiac function, and minimizing the likelihood of heart failure. This review discusses the role of both innate and adaptive immune systems in cardiac tissue damage and repair in experimental models of MI.

miRNAs regulate gene expression by binding with mRNAs of many genes. Studying their effects on genes involved in oncogenesis is important in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. The RNAHybrid 2.1 program was used to predict the strong miRNA binding sites (p < 0.0005) in target mRNAs. The program Finder 2.2 was created to verify 784 intergenic miRNAs (ig-miRNA) origin. Among 54 considered oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, 47 genes are the best targets for ig-miRNAs. Accordingly, these genes are strongly regulated by 111 ig-miRNAs. Some miRNAs bind several mRNAs, and some mRNAs have several binding sites for miRNAs. Of the 54 mRNAs, 21.8%, 43.0%, and 35.2% of the miRNA binding sites are present in the 5'UTRs, CDSes, and 3'UTRs, respectively. The average density of the binding sites for miRNAs in the 5'UTR was 4.4 times and 4.1 times greater than in the CDS and the 3'UTR, respectively. Three types of interactions between miRNAs and mRNAs were identified, which differ according to the region of the miRNA bound to the mRNA: 1) binding occurs predominantly via the 3'-region of the miRNA; 2) binding occurs predominantly through the central region of the miRNA; and 3) binding occurs predominantly via the 5'-region of the miRNA. Several miRNAs effectively regulate only one gene, and this information could be useful in molecular medicine to modulate translation of the target mRNA. We recommend described new sites for validation by experimental investigation.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential to differentiate into various types of cells, including but not limited to, adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In addition to their progenitor characteristics, MSCs hold unique immunomodulatory properties that provide new opportunities in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and can serve as a promising tool in stem cell-based therapy. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that deteriorates quality and function of the synovium membrane, resulting in chronic inflammation, pain and progressive cartilage and bone destruction. The mechanism of RA pathogenesis is associated with dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Current conventional treatments by steroid drugs, antirheumatic drugs and biological agents are being applied in clinical practice. However, long-term use of these drugs causes side effects, and some RA patients may acquire resistance to these drugs. In this regard, recently investigated MSC-based therapy is considered as a promising approach in RA treatment. In this study, we review conventional and modern treatment approaches, such as MSC-based therapy through the understanding of the link between MSCs and the innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, we discuss recent achievements in preclinical and clinical studies as well as various strategies for the enhancement of MSC immunoregulatory properties.

Only PTPN12, MSH6, and ZEB1 have significant miR-1279 binding sites among paralogous genes of human tyrosine phosphatase family, DNA mismatch repair family, and zinc finger family, respectively. All miRNA binding sites are located within CDSs of studied mRNAs. Nucleotide sequences of hsa-miR-1279 binding sites with mRNAs of human PTPN12, MSH6, and ZEB1 genes encode TKEQYE, EGSSDE, and GEKPYE oligopeptides, respectively. The conservation of miRNA binding sites encoding oligopeptides has been revealed. MRNAs of many paralogs of zinc finger gene family have from 1 to 12 binding sites coding the same GEKPYE hexapeptide. MRNAs of PTPN12, MSH6, and ZEB1 orthologous genes from different animal species have binding sites for hsa-miR-1279 which consist of homologous oligonucleotides encoding similar human oligopeptides TKEQYE, EGSSDE, and GEKPYE. MiR-548j, miR-548m, and miR-548d-5p have homologous binding sites in the mRNA of PTPN12 orthologous genes which encode PRTRSC, TEATDI, and STASAT oligopeptides, respectively. All regions of miRNA are important for binding with the mRNA.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial and complex disease involving the arterial intima of the circulatory system. The main risk factors of atherosclerosis are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemic states, smoking, mental stress, unhealthy diet and a lack of physical activity. Recent studies have shown that dyslipidemia, inflammation and immune cells are involved in all stages of development of atherosclerosis. Mesenchymal stem cells are a heterogeneous subset of multipotent cells that can be isolated from nearly all human organs and tissues, and they possess both regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells are able to provide immunosuppressive, regenerative and atheroprotective effects by reducing dyslipidemia, inflammation, and inhibiting endothelial cell dysfunction and plaque formation during the development of atherosclerosis in animal models. Based on these beneficial effects, mesenchymal stem cells are considered a promising alternative therapeutic approach for effective treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the current findings on potential applications of mesenchymal stem cells for preventing and regressing atherosclerosis as well as discuss strategies for improving the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy.