Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem. Organisms are developing resistance not only to commonly used antibiotics but also to high end and less commonly used antibiotics. Aim: The present study has been designed to find out the recent trend of antibiotic resistance profile of uropathogens as urinary tract infection is one of the commonest infections among outdoor and indoor patients. This will help clinicians to select most appropriate antibiotics to treat their patients empirically. This will also help in not only preventing the development but also reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in the Microbiology Department, F.H. Medical College, Etmadpur, Agra, India, from March 2019 to August 2019. Mid-stream urine samples were collected from patients and transported within an hour and were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar. After incubation at 37°C for 24 h, organisms were identified and sensitivity test was done by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method using Mueller Hinton Agar. Results: Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family showed resistance to almost all groups of antibiotics except piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, and nitrofurantoin while gram-positive organisms were found to be sensitive only to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin. Situation with nonfermenters (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.) was alarming as they were found resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, and also significant resistance with imipenem was seen. Only colistin, polymyxin B and piperacillin-tazobactam showed satisfactory results and could be considered for use in empirical treatment. Conclusion: Present study shows how serious the problem of increasing antibiotic resistance is and emphasizes the need of continuous surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens that will help to formulate an effective antibiotic policy to guide the clinicians.

Background: India is home to the second largest population of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) with an estimated 5.134 million infections. HIV has infected >75 million people worldwide, with an estimated 37 million people now living with the virus making it the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. HIV is a significant public health problem with tremendous social and economic implications. Aims and Objectives: Our primary aim is to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection and the associated risk factors of HIV infection. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of the patients who visited in integrated counseling and testing center (ICTC) and State Reference Laboratory at a tertiary care center of Agra, Uttar Pradesh from January 2017 to December 2021. The data are in accordance with NACO portal. Results: The highest HIV seropositivity was observed in 35–49 years age group in both males and females in three consecutive years 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. HIV seropositivity in males decreased from 8.3% in 2017 to 4.9% in 2021 and in females from 6.0% to 4.6%. The most seropositives belong to married population (41.2%) and the least in divorced population (4.2%). Overall, housewives (20.7%) were maximally affected by HIV seropositivity, followed by skilled workers (15.8%) and unemployed/retired persons (15.7%). Uneducated population had maximum seropositivity rate (35.3%). Majority of HIV positives were heterosexual non-commercial partner (47.4%), while the homosexuals were the least (1.8%) affected. Conclusion: This study highlights the most affected group of HIV seropositive population and their risk behavior. Thus, by making ICTC, more accessible to ramp up the focused screening and prevention efforts for the suspected HIV population and evolving the appropriate policies/strategies for public awareness program will help to reduce the spread of HIV infection among the masses.