Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate physical characteristics of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) mixture of alpha tocopheryl acetate, cetyl palmitate, Tween 80 and propylene glycol using high shear homogenization technique on NLC preparation to predict the optimum ratio of alpha tocopheryl acetate-cetyl palmitate to produce good characteristics of NLC loaded coenzyme, higher % EE, good penetration, controlled release, and stable.Methods: Lipid characterizations were conducted by diffraction scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometry. Coenzyme Q10 concentration was measured by spectrophotometer at 275 nm. NLC characteristics based on their morphology was determined using transmission electron microscope, particle size, and its polydispersity index which were measured with Delsa Nano™ particle size analyzer. Percentage of coenzyme Q10 entrapped in NLC was determined by dialysis bag method. Coenzyme Q10 release profile was measured using with Franz cell for 12 hrs. The penetration depth of NLC coenzyme Q10 in abdominal skin of Wistar rat was determined with fluorescence microscopy using rhodamine B as marker. NLC physical stability based on minimum of particle size variation, pH and viscosity during 90 days storage. Results:The result showed that formula with ratio of cetyl palmitate-alpha tocopheryl acetate 70:30 (% w/w) produce good characteristics of NLC loaded coenzyme, higher % EE, good penetration, controlled release, and stable in 90 days storage. Conclusion:The coenzyme Q10 NLC system with cetyl palmitate and alpha tocopherol acetate as lipid matrixare characterized by small particle size, low crystallinity, spherical morphology of particle and high coenzyme Q10 entrapment efficiency. Crystal modification led to the formation of a more amorphous thereby increasing the drug entrapment

The development of oral dissolving film (ODF) of atenolol is an attempt to enhance convenience and compliance for geriatric patients suffering from hypertension. Film former is the most essential component in ODF that determines the physical characteristic and drug release. In this study, three different types of film former including HPMC E5 4% (w/v), 5% (w/v), CMC-Na 3% (w/v), 4% (w/v), and Na-alginate 2.5% (w/v), 3% (w/v) were optimized in Formula 1 (F1) to Formula 6 (F6), respectively. A solvent casting method was employed to develop ODF of atenolol. The films formed by HPMC E5 produced a smooth and flexible surface, whereas CMC-Na and Na-alginate produced gritty textured films. Satisfactory results were obtained from several physical parameters such as film thickness, folding endurance, swelling index, and disintegration time. The homogeneity, drug content, and dissolution properties of ODF with HPMC exhibited better characteristics than the other formulas. Formula 1 exhibited the highest drug release compared to the other ODFs. The molecular docking results showed that there was a hydrogen bonding between atenolol and film formers which was also supported by the FTIR spectrum. The findings of this study suggest that HPMC E5 is the most favorable film former for ODF of atenolol.

The aims of this study were to determine and evaluate the results of the physicochemical characteristic of snow mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) facial wash, and to determine the acceptability of the snow mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) extract facial wash which has the best physicochemical characteristics. In this study, the extraction of snow mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) used UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) and ethanol as solvent with various concentrations, 96% (F1), 75% (F2), and 50% (F3). Furthermore, the extract will be formulated into facial wash and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics. The parameters of physicochemical characteristics include organoleptic, pH, density, viscosity, spreadability, and foamability. The difference in the concentration of ethanol as menstruum of snow fungus (Tremella fuciformis) extraction did not significantly affect the organoleptic composition of facial wash, but it did affect the physicochemical characteristics of facial wash, where higher ethanol concentrations resulted in lower pH, higher density and viscosity, smaller spreadability, and foamability that meets specifications. The results of the evaluation of physicochemical characteristics showed that F1 had the best specifications and continued hedonic testing to determine the acceptability of snow mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) extract facial wash. The results of the hedonic test on F1 showed good acceptance regarding the parameters of appearance, foam, and effects after using facial wash; as well as sufficient acceptability related to aroma and viscosity parameters.

Cubosomes are cubic lipid-based delivery systems that can be an option for compounds that have low solubility in water belonging to BCS grades II and IV. The aim of this literature review is to get distinctive characteristics of cubosomes and the entrapment efficiency. Cubosomes was made by lipid (phytantriol, GMO) and added with stabilizer using top-down or bottom-up method. Characterization of cubosomes with instrument such as cryo-TEM (morphology), SAXS (crystalinity), and DLS (size distribution, zeta potential). The characteristic results obtained are cubic with size distribution of 100-500 nm and zeta potential values ±17 mV to 30 mV. As for entrapment efficiency generated ± 90% which indicates most drugs can enter the system.