Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are steadily finding application in an increasing number of museums and heritage institutions, providing energy-efficient solutions for collections display. Although there is a business case to be made for moving toward LED lighting, the safe display of objects must also be ensured. Identifying vulnerable pigments and paints ensures that future preservation strategies will be put in place, avoiding acerbation of damage and reducing the need for conservation. In the first part of our research we investigate color shift and molecular alterations in three yellow paints, namely, lead chromate sulfate, arsenic sulfide, and cadmium sulfide in linseed oil and gum arabic binders. Following an artificial aging regime, color shift was evaluated using colorimetry and molecular alterations were monitored using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. Up to 80 Mlux h the lead chromate samples in linseed oil displayed equivalent color shifts approximating 10 ΔE 00 on exposure to the three artificial aging regimes. Color shift has been attributed to the formation of lead oxides evidenced by the appearance of a mid-infrared spectral band at 470 cm −1 assigned to PbO 2. Above 80 Mlux h the formation of lead oxides was exacerbated by exposure to one particular LED. Arsenic sulfide in linseed oil displayed color shifts intensified by both types of LED. Above 40 Mlux h there was a discernible color shift in all samples, with the two LEDs displaying ΔE 00 values two times higher than those displayed by the tungsten halogen samples. The alterations have been attributed to the formation of As 2 O 3 , which is known to form in the presence of wavelengths shorter than 428 nm. Cadmium sulfides in both linseed oil and gum arabic paints did not display discernible color shifts or the presence of degradation products.
‘Lesser-known varieties of English’ (Schreier, 2009; Schreier et al., 2010) have received increasing attention in the last decade. In particular, Englishes on islands with historical and political ties to the United Kingdom or the United States have been described, such as the varieties in Bermuda (Eberle, 2021), Samoa (Biewer, 2020), and Tristan da Cunha (Schreier, 2009). However, Madeira has hitherto received extraordinarily little attention, although it used to be home to a small but enormously influential group of British expatriates who controlled large parts of the economy and owned a considerable amount of land on the island. Even today, approximately 1,000 emigrants from the United Kingdom live permanently in Madeira, which constitutes the second largest group of foreign residents (DREM, 2020b: 11). ‘Madeira’ refers to both a Portuguese archipelago and this archipelago's main island located ca. 737 km west of Morocco's coast (see Figure 1). Overall, Madeira had a population of 267,785 in the last official census from 2011 and is a highly popular tourist destination, with roughly 8 million overnight stays by visitors in 2019 (DREM, 2020a).
This article introduces the new Corpus of Regional Indian Newspaper Englishes (CORINNE). The current version of CORINNE contains news and other text types from regional Indian newspapers published between 2015 and 2020, covering 13 states and regions so far. The corpus complements previous corpora, such as the Indian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE) as well as the Indian section of the South Asian Varieties of English (SAVE) corpus, by giving researchers the opportunity to analyse and compare regional (written) Englishes in India. In the first sections of the paper we discuss the rationale for creating CORINNE as well as the development of the corpus. We stress the potential of CORINNE and go into detail about selection criteria for the inclusion of newspapers as well as corpus compilation and the current word count. In order to show the potential of the corpus, the paper presents a case study of ‘intrusive as’, a syntactic feature that has made its way into formal registers of Indian English. Based on two subcorpora covering newspapers from Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand, we compare frequencies and usage patterns of call (as) and term (as). The case study lends further weight to the hypothesis that the presence or absence of a quotative in the majority language spoken in an Indian state has an impact on the frequency of ‘intrusive as’. Finally, we foreshadow the next steps in the development of CORINNE as well as potential studies that can be carried out using the corpus.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.