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ABSTRACT:Calcium and magnesium hardness solids in groundwater are very common and caused major problems for drinking and household purposes. This study aims to synthesize zeolite-4A from kaolinite for removing the total hardness ions from Assiut Governorate groundwater wells in Egypt. The kaolin was hydrothermally calcinated through metakaolinization and zeolitization processes to produce crystalline zeolite-4A. The chemical composition and morphology ofcrystalline zeolite-4A was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then the column experiments were conducted to study the performance of crystalline salt-4A as ion exchange and investigate their operation parameters and regeneration conditions. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to predict the adsorption capacity and time required for 50% breakthrough curves. The effects of initial concentrations of 550 mg/l for total Ca +2 and Mg +2 hardness, feed flow rate of 10-30 ml/min, and height range of 1.0-4.0 cm on the breakthrough behavior of the adsorption system were studied. The obtained results indicated that the synthesized zeolite-4A can remove total hardness (Ca +2 + Mg +2) ions from groundwater to the permissible limit according to the standards drinking water law.

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In Upper Egypt, especially in the limestone carbonates scarp, groundwater is contains sulfate salts, which are considered more difficult to remove by conventional treatment plants for freshwater, used for drinking, domestic and industrial purposes. The study aims to prepare a reasonable adsorbent composite from Egyptian organo-kaolinite and prepared chitosan to remove the excess of sulfate ions from Assiut groundwater wells. Therefore, the modified organo-kaolinite was treated with prepared modified chitosan as a composite media filtration to treat groundwater. In this study, the prepared chitosan was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its efficiency for removing sulfate have been tested through batch and experimental column studies.The results revealed that the adsorption of sulfate ions is optimum at pH range 4-8. The maximum sulfate ions adsorption capacities were found 2.88 mg/g, after about 65 min contact time. The regeneration study illustrated that the prepared composite could be used up to 5 times with maximum sulfate ions percentage removal of 62.33%, achieved after the 5th cycle. The Chitosan modified kaolin clay mineral showed 152 A.

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