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We consider the problem of non-interactive message authentication using two channels: an insecure broadband channel and an authenticated narrow-band channel. This problem has been considered in the context of ad hoc networks, where it is assumed that there is neither a secret key shared among the two parties, nor a public-key infrastructure in place. We present a formal model for protocols of this type, along with a new protocol which is as efficient as the best previous protocols. The security of our protocol is based on a new property of hash functions that we introduce, which we name "hybrid-collision resistance".

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The advent of next-generation networks, such as fifth-generation cellular wireless (5G), has transformed every aspect of our lives and promised improvement for various real-life applications. Recently, Liu and Wang proposed a dynamic quantum private comparison protocol that utilizes the property of single photon, in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. The protocol is intended to compare the private information of any two parties in n parties with the support of the other n-2 parties. However, we show that their protocol is not secure against a particular strategy of collusion attacks that leads to the problem of information leakage. Therefore, this paper suggests a security enhancement against the proposed attack strategy trying to overcome the security limitation of Liu and Wang's work. The security analysis of the suggested improvement proved that the modified protocol is secure against both the internal and external attacks, which could be used to control the various auction models for 5G services as wireless network virtualization in a secure way.INDEX TERMS Next generation mobile network, quantum private comparison protocol, single photon in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom, collusion attack.

Purpose Understanding a technology’s patent landscape, including patent strategies, helps organizations position themselves regarding their innovation and provides insight about a technology’s future direction. This study aims to provide an overview of the blockchain technology patenting trends and outlines an exploratory framework of patenting strategies for blockchain. Design/methodology/approach A total of 3,234 registered patents are analyzed to determine the geographical distribution and identify key actors patenting around the globe. In addition, an empirical study consisting of multiple case studies in the form of ten in-depth interviews with owners/managers of organizations based in North America was conducted to understand organizations’ strategies for patenting the blockchain technology. Findings Several novel insights regarding the strategies are used for blockchain technology patenting. For example, the existence of strong anti-patent sentiment which results in a lack of patenting by start-up organizations or has led to a form of open source patenting strategy. Larger organizations appear to be patenting defensively, and small to medium organizations are primarily patenting to defend their competitive advantage. Practical implications Start-up organizations harboring anti-patent sentiment should consider the open-source patenting strategy to ensure that the collaborative innovation network can continue. They should also consider collaborating with other actors within the network to have a competitive position in the market. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to conduct an empirical study with organizations currently using the blockchain technology to understand patenting strategies used for blockchain.