The development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms has permeated the medical field with great success. The widespread use of AI technology in diagnosing and treating several types of cancer, especially colorectal cancer (CRC), is now attracting substantial attention. CRC, which represents the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy in both men and women, is considered a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Our review herein aims to provide in-depth knowledge and analysis of the AI applications in CRC screening, diagnosis, and treatment based on current literature. We also explore the role of recent advances in AI systems regarding medical diagnosis and therapy, with several promising results. CRC is a highly preventable disease, and AI-assisted techniques in routine screening represent a pivotal step in declining incidence rates of this malignancy. So far, computer-aided detection and characterization systems have been developed to increase the detection rate of adenomas. Furthermore, CRC treatment enters a new era with robotic surgery and novel computer-assisted drug delivery techniques. At the same time, healthcare is rapidly moving toward precision or personalized medicine. Machine learning models have the potential to contribute to individual-based cancer care and transform the future of medicine.

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) is gaining ground as a bariatric procedure with proven efficacy on weight loss and obesity-related comorbidities. Compared to other bariatric procedures, its complications can be even more severe. Gastric leak is estimated to be the most serious complication of this procedure due to difficult healing processes not to mention the fact that it may also be responsible for local or general severe septic complications. Staple line dehiscence and subsequent leaks following sleeve gastrectomy are not very frequent but are a difficult complication that can also become chronic. Various options have been suggested but no definitive has been established. The management of patients who develop leakages requires a multidisciplinary team. Choosing the proper approach depends on the clinical condition of the patient and the onset time of leak. Main aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the pathogenic and promoting factors of staple line leak following LSG on the basis of recent literature review and to report the evidence based preventive measures and treatment solutions of this life-threatening complication.

The anatomical area of the extrahepatic bile ducts exhibits plethora of anatomic variants. The detailed study and comprehension of anatomic variations of extrahepatic bile ducts is a prerequisite in order to avoid the intraoperative biliary or tract damages, but they are also necessary for the targeted treatment of any complications. Gallbladder agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary tree with an estimated incidence of 0.007-0.027% in surgical series which is much lower compared to the incidence of other gallbladder anomalies. It may be asymptomatic, but sometimes is associated with symptoms such as upper quadrant abdominal pain, which may be mistaken for cholecystitis and can lead the patient to the operating room. We present a case of a 30-year-old male patient without any significant past medical history presented with a 2-year history of upper abdominal complaints, dyspepsia, epigastric abdominal pain and weight loss, normal laboratory workup and unclear radiological signs which led him to exploratory laparoscopy due to the patient’s chronic symptoms, in order to exclude the presence of another underlying pathologic process. In addition to our case presentation, a relative  review of literature was conducted. As a conclusion, examinations, such as transabdominal ultrasonography, may be misleading and MCRP should be the principal method of investigation to establish a presumptive diagnosis. However, in cases with a strong suspicion for a different underlying pathology, further investigation with exploratory laparoscopy may be warranted.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered the main driver and leading cause of chronic liver disease globally. The umbrella term NAFLD describes a range of liver conditions closely related to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. At the same time, several malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer, are considered to be common causes of death among patients with NAFLD. At first, our review herein aims to investigate the role of NAFLD in developing colorectal neoplasms and adenomatous polyps based on the current literature. We will also explore the connection and the missing links between NAFLD and extrahepatic cancers. Interestingly, any relationship between NAFLD and extrahepatic malignancies could be attributable to several shared metabolic risk factors. Overall, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and related disorders may increase the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, early diagnosis of NAFLD is essential for preventing the progression of the disease and avoiding its severe complications. In addition, cancer screening and early detection in these patients may improve survival and reduce any delays in treatment.

Anastomotic leakage (AL) remains one of the most severe complications following colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery. Indeed, leaks that may occur after any type of intestinal anastomosis are commonly associated with a higher reoperation rate and an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. At first, our review aims to identify specific preoperative, intraoperative and perioperative factors that eventually lead to the development of anastomotic dehiscence based on the current literature. We will also investigate the role of several biomarkers in predicting the presence of ALs following colorectal surgery. Despite significant improvements in perioperative care, advances in surgical techniques, and a high index of suspicion of this complication, the incidence of AL remained stable during the last decades. Thus, gaining a better knowledge of the risk factors that influence the AL rates may help identify high-risk surgical patients requiring more intensive perioperative surveillance. Furthermore, prompt diagnosis of this severe complication may help improve patient survival. To date, several studies have identified predictive biomarkers of ALs, which are most commonly associated with the inflammatory response to colorectal surgery. Interestingly, early diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of this complication may offer a significant opportunity to guide clinical judgement and decision-making.