Two ways of improving durum wheat bread-making quality were evaluated.First, durum wheat (cultivar "Papadakis") was blended with bread wheat flour of good (A-flour)

The growth kinetics and the lipid and protein content of the microalgal species Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) grown heterotrophically in growth media containing glycerol and increasing amounts of anaerobic digestate (AD) equal to 0%, 15%, 30%, and 50% was studied. The effect of the AD on the fatty acid (FA) distribution of the bio-oil extracted from the CS, as well as on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties such as the saponification number (SN), the iodine value (IV), the cetane number (CN), and the higher heating value (HHV) was also estimated. The percentage of AD in the growth medium affects the rate of carbon uptake. The maximum carbon uptake rate occurs at about 30% AD. Protein and lipid content ranged from 32.3–38.4% and 18.1–23.1%, respectively. Fatty acid distribution ranged from C10 to C26. In all AD percentages the predominant fatty acids were the medium chain FA C16 to C18 constituting up to about 89% of the total FA at 0% AD and 15% AD and up to about 54% of the total FA at 30% AD and 50% AD. With respect to unsaturation, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) were predominant, up to 56%, while significant percentages, up to about 38%, of saturated FA (SFA) were also produced. The SN, IV, CN, and HHV ranged from 198.5–208.3 mg KOH/g FA, 74.5–93.1 g I/100 g FAME, 52.7–56.1, and 39.7–40.0 MJ/kg, respectively. The results showed that with increasing AD percentage, the CN values tend to increase, while decrease in IV leads to biofuel with better ignition quality.

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The fatty acid (FA) distribution of bio-oil derived from Chlorella sorokiniana and the biodiesel basic properties were examined. C. sorokiniana was cultivated heterotrophically in two growth media: a) glycerol and inorganic salts (GLIN) and b) glycerol and anaerobic digestrate (GLAD). The cultivation took place in 42 L bioreactors. The bio-oil was extracted from the biomass collected. Extraction was performed using a mixture of n-hexane and isopropanol in a 3:2 ratio. The fatty acid (FA) distribution was determined in a gas chromatograph by converting the bio-oil in biodiesel. The fatty acid distribution covered chain lengths from C10 to C26. The great proportion of the FA were of medium chain FA C16-C18 constituting about 85% and 53% of the total fatty acids of the GLIN and GLAD treatments respectively. Also, the distribution of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA differed. The basic properties of the biodiesel such as the density, the kinematic viscosity, the acid value, the cetane number, the iodine value and the heating value were within the range of the respective values from biodiesel obtained from seed oils and differences in the properties of the two treatments were explained in terms of differences in FA distribution.