Root pain in the sciatic nerve distribution area caused by one or more herniated lumbar discs is a common and often debilitating event. The lifetime incidence of this condition is estimated to be between 13% and 40%. Fortunately, most cases can heal on their own with simple pain relief and physical therapy. However, this situation can become chronic and stubborn, and have a major impact on the social economy. This review looks at the epidemiology, causes, risk factors, and management of sciatica. Factors that influence the incidence of sciatica include height, age, genetic predisposition, walking, jogging (if there is a history of sciatica), and specific physical occupations, including driving. The influence of the protruding nucleus pulposus and the possible inflammatory response mediated by cytokines in the lumbar and sacral nerve roots are discussed. Abnormal immune responses and possible mechanical factors are also considered factors that can mediate pain. The current topic of different treatment modalities is also discussed.

In comparison to other ages, neonatal meningitis is more prevalent. Because the immature immune system lacks humoral and cellular immunological responses in phagocytic and complement functions, the newborn is especially vulnerable to infection. According to the World Health Organization, almost 5 million newborn fatalities occur each year. The great majority of them (98%) take place in underdeveloped countries. Meningitis is diagnosed through a physical examination and a study of the patient's medical history for any of the symptoms listed above. Although patients with viral meningitis normally do not require hospitalisation, antipyretics, antiemetics, and analgesics that may be used at home should be offered.