No abstract

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) affects 115-169 children per 100,000, with rates varying by ethnicity and location. Immune dysregulation, systemic circulating substances, or hereditary structural abnormalities of the podocyte are considered to have a role in the etiology of idiopathic NS. Following daily therapy with corticosteroids, more than 85% of children and adolescents (often aged 1 to 12 years) with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome have full proteinuria remission. Patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) do not demonstrate remission after four weeks of daily prednisolone therapy. The incidence of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children varies between 35 and 92 percent. A third of SRNS patients have mutations in one of the important podocyte genes. An unidentified circulating factor is most likely to blame for the remaining instances of SRNS. The aim of this article is to explore and review the genetic factors and management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. An all language literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, COCHRANE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar till September 2021. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used: “Steroid resistance”, “nephrotic syndrome”, “nephrosis” and “hypoalbuminemia”. We comprehensively reviewed the literature on the epidemiology, genetics, current treatment protocols, and management of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. We found that for individuals with non-genetic SRNS, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) constitute the current mainstay of treatment, with around 70% of patients achieving full or partial remission and an acceptable long-term prognosis. Patients with SRNS who do not react to calcineurin inhibitors or other immunosuppressive medications may have deterioration in kidney function and may develop end-stage renal failure. Nonspecific renal protective medicines, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin 2 receptor blockers, and anti-lipid medications, slow the course of the illness. Recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the allograft affects around a third of individuals who get a kidney transplant, and it frequently responds to a combination of plasma exchange, rituximab, and increased immunosuppression. Despite the fact that these results show a considerable improvement in outcome, further multicenter controlled studies are required to determine the optimum drugs and regimens to be used.

Objective A hypertensive disorder during pregnancy seriously endangers the safety of the fetus and women during pregnancy. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and its risk factors among antenatal women. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of PIH and risk factors for PIH among antenatal women in a selected hospital in Mangaluru. Methods A descriptive study was performed. The study used the total sample size of 400 pregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria in a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka. The data was collected with a self-reported checklist. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results The prevalence of PIH was 10.75% that is 43 antenatal women out of 400. In this study, 34.88% had a family history of PIH, 23% had a previous history of PIH, 16% had a history of gestational diabetes, and 20.93% had a history of thyroid problems. The most important risk factors found for PIH in the present study are the previous history of PIH (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.276, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.125–11.836), family history of hypertension (adjusted OR=1.930, 95% CI: 1.130–3.296), and thyroid problems (adjusted OR=1.904, CI: 0.786–4.611). Conclusion PIH is a common medical disorder associated with pregnancy. We noted that PIH is more prevalent in those who had it in their previous pregnancy. PIH is associated with multiple complications in the mother and the baby and particularly preterm delivery. The timely intervention of regular antenatal checkups, nutrition, health education, etc., can reduce the severity of PIH.

This paper presents the performance analysis of two different conformal band pass filters (BPFs) loaded with an array of circular complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). Type-1 bandpass filter has been designed by integrating a 9 × 9 array of circular complementary split ring resonator on the bottom layer of the filter. Similarly, Type-2 bandpass filter has been constructed by loading an array of 5 × 5 split ring resonator on the patch layer of the filter. A comparative study between Type-1 and Type-2 bandpass filters are also evaluated that shows dual pass bands for Type-1 filter and triple pass bands for the Type-2 bandpass filter. Furthermore, the conformality of both bandpass filters are judged through bending deformation analysis with various bending positions at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. During the bending performance analysis, the suggested BPFs retains the dual and triple pass band characteristics without any major deviations in its characteristic's parameters. Various performance parameters like return loss, insertion loss, group delay, bandwidth, and quality factor are measured. Detailed analysis of E and H field distributions and surface current distributions are also presented. The Type-2 bandpass filter shows better performance in terms of filter properties compared to Type-1 band pass filter. Hence, the prototype of Type-2 filter with an area of 30 × 30 mm2 is fabricated and measured. The validated results are agreed with the simulated results which confirms the applicability of the proposed filter for several modern wireless communication applications such as Wi-Max and personal communication systems (PCS) applications.

For human beings, sleep is a key requirement. The secret of humankind's physical well-being is sleep. In a study on sleep, researchers have proved that adults from the age of eighteen and above must get seven to nine hours of sleep a day. Drowsiness is the root cause of the hazardous road accidents. If drivers are notified as drowsy at the correct instant of time, we can prevent the majority of road accidents that took place in the world. New strategies are introduced by the researchers to detect the drowsiness of the driver and each technology has its own merit and demerit. This paper uses Python and Dlib models to build a drowsiness identification model. We aim to integrate both face detection and head pose detection which makes this an ideal detection method. In the proposed system, a laptop is used, using which real-time video is recorded. Head-pose detection along with face detection helps to increase accuracy. For dataset video input, the proposed system gives a maximum accuracy rate of 94.51%.