The morphologic and morphometric features of the lower respiratory system in mole rats were examined. It was seen that the low respiratory system of this species leading a special life under highly hypoxic/hypercapnic conditions underground is structurally similar to other mammals living on land in terms of the parts examined; trachea was formed by 29.5 ± 4 oval-formed cartilaginous tracheals arranged backwards and became gradually more stenotic diameter from cranial to the caudal of the neck. The trachea was separated in two principal bronchus at the fourth thoracal intercostal spatium level. The angle between the two main principal bronchi was 60.5 ± 2.35°. The lung constituted 1.29 ± 0.03% of the body weight and the right lung was heavier than the left lung. Fissura inter-lobaris was deep and separated the lung lobes wholly, and the right lung was separated in four lobes, whereas the left lung was not separated into the lobes. Also, the medial lobe of the left lung was the lightest lobe.

The gross anatomy and morphometry of the kidney and renal arteries were studied in the strains of laboratory rat: Sprague-Dawley (Sp) and Wistar (W) rats. Total of 106 three-dimensional endocasts of the intrarenal arteries of kidney that were prepared using standard injection-corrosion techniques were examined. A single renal artery was observed in 100% of the cases. The renal arteries were divided into a dorsal and a ventral branch. The dorsal and ventral branches were divided into two branches, the cranial and caudal branch. Renal arteries were classified into types I and II, depending on the cranial and caudal branches and their made of branching. The present study also showed that the right kidney was slightly heavier than the left one and that the kidney of the male was generally larger than that of the female. The mean live weights of the Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats were found to be 258.26 ± 5.9 and 182.4 ± 19.05 g, respectively. The kidney weights were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with body weights. The kidney weights were not found significantly correlated (P > 0.01) with the length of renal arteries.

ABSTRACT:A study was conducted of the kidneys of adult mole rats (Spalax leucodon) to describe the macro-and mesoscopic morphology of the renal arterial distribution and some additional anatomical features. The kidneys of the mole rat lay alongside the vertebral column in the abdominal region, the right kidney situated more cranial than the left. Covered by a thin connective tissue capsule, the kidney was bean-shaped, smooth, and reddish-brown. The mean live weight of the studied mole rats was 203.6 ± 15.05 g. The mean kidney weight was 0.636 ± 0.048 g. The mean weight of the right kidney (0.641± 0.039 g) was significantly (P < 0.01) heavier than that of the left one (0.630 ± 0.057g). Sixteen three-dimensional endocasts of the renal artery and intrarenal arteries were prepared using standard injection-corrosion techniques and examined. A single renal artery was observed in 100% of the specimens. The renal arteries divided, forming a dorsal and a ventral branch; these bifurcated forming cranial and caudal segmental branches. No anastomoses were observed between any of these branches.

Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between quadriceps angle (Q angle), body mass index (BMI), dominant side and pain severity in gonarthrosis patients. Methods:In order to determine the Q angle in gonarthrosis patients, 205 volunteer patients (104 men and 101 women) diagnosed with gonarthrosis and 110 control subjects (60 men and 50 women) over 40 years of age were included. In the patient group, sides with pain, pain levels, right and left leg Q angle values, and dominant sides were evaluated.Results: Right Q angle value was found 13.21°±3.22° in patients and 13.26°±2.04° in controls, while the left Q values were 12.86°±3.35° and 12.65°±2.52° in patients and controls, respectively. No significant difference was found between the right and left Q angles both for patients (p=0.885) and controls (p=0.568). When the pain levels and right Q angles of the patients were compared, a positive correlation between the Q angle elevation and increase in pain was found (p=0.001). In addition, the pain level increase and left Q angle elevation of the patients were also found positively correlated (p=0.004). Conclusion:The results of this study show that measuring the Q angle, despite its low sensitivity and internal consistency levels, is an effective way of diagnosing and treating the lower extremity malalignments and related pathologies.

The retina segments obtained from Mice-664 C57BL/6J eyeballs were investigated at 23A1 IASW- Beamline, NSRRC. Transmission small and wide-angle scattering (SAXS and WAXS) measurements and the related data were used to reach nanoscale natural morphology and internal structural information of ROS. Rhodopsin macromolecules in their natural medium (inside of the rods and retina) were successfully detected. The X-ray scattering effects of rhodopsin macromolecules in mice eyeball and surgically separated retina samples were carried out to reach the most natural situation of the molecules in the same animal species and to determine detection limits of rhodopsin macromolecules. The quantitative results about the structures of ROS membranes, rhodopsins and α-helices trans membranes were also carried out in nanoscopic scale.