Worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus motivates a number of association studies to be conducted throughout the world. Eleven polymorphisms from nine candidate genes in oxidative stress pathway have been analyzed in eastern Indian type 2 diabetic patients (n = 145) and healthy controls (n = 100). Different biochemical parameters were also analyzed for their association with the disease. Significant associations were observed for rs2070424 A>G SOD1 (OR 3.91, 95% CI 2.265-8.142, P < 0.001), rs854573 A>G PON1 (OR 3.415, 95% CI 2.116-5.512, P < 0.001), rs6954345 G>C PON2 (OR 3.208, 95% CI 2.071-4.969, P < 0.001), RAGE rs1800624 -374 T>A (OR 3.58, 95% CI 2.218-5.766, P < 0.001), and NOS3 -786 T>C (OR 3.75, 95% CI 2.225-6.666, P < 0.001). Haplotype containing two risk alleles of PON1 and PON2 genes was significantly associated with disease (OR 8.34, 95% CI 1.554-44.804, P < 0.002). Our results suggest that carriers of major and efficient alleles of oxidative stress genes are more likely to survive the comorbid complications and single copy of risk allele is sufficient for developing the disease.

Neurogenous tumours of the larynx are extremely uncommon. Schwannoma of larynx is a variant of neurogenous tumour. The patient underwent microlaryngoscopic excision of that tumour. We present here the clinical findings of the case, along with direct laryngoscopic view, the photograph of the mass after removal and histological slide compatible with the diagnosis of schwannoma.

BackgroundElectronystagmography (ENG) is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of the muscles that control eye movements. ENG has the potential to identify the cause of vertigo by assessing the function of the vestibular system. Vertigo can be of two types -peripheral or central. In addition, a combination of peripheral and central types may coexist. Peripheral vertigo is caused by pathology in the inner ear and central vertigo is caused by pathology in the brainstem or cerebellum. ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the applicability of ENG in assisting the diagnosis of the type of vertigo in a remote tertiary care center in West Bengal, India. Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. Any patient presenting first time with a complaint of vertigo was approached and recruited for the study after taking written informed consent. We collected demographics and conducted a complete ear, nose, and throat examination, including otoscopy and audiological evaluation. A consensus between two expert otorhinolaryngologists was reached for the categorization of vertigo. Then, ENG was performed to assess the vestibular function to help aid the categorization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans were done in central vertigo patients according to the necessity to diagnose the cause. Data were presented in descriptive statistical terms and categorical data were compared by Chi-square test. ResultA total of 84 patients (male 31, female 53) with a median age of 25 years (Q1-Q3: 21-30.25) participated in the study. We found 75% of the patients were complaining of instability, 50% rotatory objective vertigo, 29.76% falling tendency, 22.62% blackout, and 2.38% sinking sensation. The majority of the patients (63%) had two or more symptoms. A total of 68 (80.95%) patients could be categorized into peripheral (46 [54.76%]) and central (22 [26.19%]) types. When we added ENG to the tests, we could categorize all the patients and found that 48 (57.14%) had peripheral, 27 (32.14%) had central, and nine (10.71%) had mixed lesions. ConclusionENG when used in conjunction with clinical examination, otoscopy, and an audiological examination can help to categorize all patients into peripheral, central, or mixed lesion types of vertigo. Hence, ENG can be an important tool in identifying the type of vertigo and can aid in appropriate treatment decisions.

BACKGROUND Chronic otitis media is one of the most common health problems of our country. Perforation in their tympanic membrane and hearing loss are the presenting feature of chronic otitis media. Reconstruction of the hearing mechanism can be done by surgical procedure namely tympanoplasty. This study is being conducted to compare the success rate of tympanoplasty regarding graft uptake, hearing improvement and also to assess the advantage and disadvantage of endoscope and microscope during surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized prospective study was conducted in Malda Medical College between August 2015 to July 2018. In this study, 60 patients of chronic otitis media with dry perforation for at-least 3 weeks, in the age group 16-49 years were divided into two equal groups of 30 each. First group underwent type 1 tympanoplasty by microscope and another group underwent type 1 tympanoplasty by endoscope. Data was collected from above patients and statistically analysed regarding graft taken or rejected and hearing improvement. RESULTS This study included 60 patients, 30 patients in each group. Success rate regarding the drum closure in endoscopic group is 86.66%, whereas in microscopic group it was 83.33%. Post-operative A-B gap improvement is also little better in endoscopic group than microscopic group. In endoscopic technique, one patient had medialisation of graft postoperatively. We got one case of medialisation and another case of lateralisation of graft in microscopic method postoperatively. CONCLUSION Endoscope is better for closure of perforated tympanic membrane than microscope because of better field of vision.

Foreign body aspiration of tracheobronchial tree is a common medical emergency, but it is unusual in infants. It causes significant morbidity and even with lethal consequences. It poses a great challenge to anaesthesiologist as well as to the ENT surgeon. REPORTWe report a case of a mobile foreign body aspirated by an 8-month-old infant presenting with stridor, cyanosis and collapse when placed supine. CONCLUSIONMeticulous history and radiographs are essential aids for better management by an anaesthesiologists but times of extreme emergency requires unconventional decisions and unconventional methods to save the life of a child.