Selecting the appropriate anesthetic protocol for the individual animal is an essential part of laboratory animal experimentation. The present study compared the characteristics of four anesthetic protocols in mice, focusing on the vital signs. Thirty-two male ddY mice were divided into four groups and administered anesthesia as follows: pentobarbital sodium monoanaesthesia; ketamine and xylazine combined (K/X); medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combined (M/M/B); and isoflurane. In each group, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and O2 saturation (SPO2) were measured, and the changes over time and instability in these signs were compared. The anesthetic depth was also evaluated in each mouse, and the percentage of mice achieving surgical anesthesia was calculated. K/X anesthesia caused remarkable bradycardia, while the respiratory rate and SPO2 were higher than with the others, suggesting a relatively strong cardiac influence and less respiratory depression. The M/M/B group showed a relatively lower heart rate and SPO2, but these abnormalities were rapidly reversed by atipamezole administration. The pentobarbital group showed a lower SPO2, and 62.5% of mice did not reach a surgical anesthetic depth. The isoflurane group showed a marked decrease in respiratory rate compared with the injectable anesthetic groups. However, it had the most stable SPO2 among the groups, suggesting a higher tidal volume. The isoflurane group also showed the highest heart rate during anesthesia. In conclusion, the present study showed the cardiorespiratory characteristics of various anesthetic protocols, providing basic information for selecting an appropriate anesthetic for individual animals during experimentation.
Biliary sludge in dogs is dismissed commonly as an incidental finding. On the other hand, gallbladder mucocele is reported increasingly in dogs and can lead to biliary obstruction or gallbladder rupture. Cholestasis is suspected to play a role in development of sludge and mucoceles, though there are no data in dogs to support this. We investigated gallbladder emptying, a key factor in biliary flow, in dogs with mobile sludge, immobile sludge, or gallbladder mucocele and in healthy controls. Gallbladder ejection fraction estimated by ultrasonography was used as the index of gallbladder emptying. The ejection fraction at 60 min after eating was significantly decreased in all three abnormal groups. Moreover, all dogs with sludge or a mucocele had gallbladder distension. These changes were the greatest in the mucocele group. Thus, biliary stasis occurs not only in dogs with gallbladder mucocele but also in dogs with biliary sludge. Cholestasis may play a role in the pathogenesis or progression of these diseases in dogs.
Familial platelet disorder (FPD) with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) is characterized by platelet defects with a propensity for the development of haematological malignancies. Its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood, except for the role of germline RUNX1 mutations. Here we show that CDC25C mutations are frequently found in FPD/AML patients (53%). Mutated CDC25C disrupts the G2/M checkpoint and promotes cell cycle progression even in the presence of DNA damage, suggesting a critical role for CDC25C in malignant transformation in FPD/AML. The predicted hierarchical architecture shows that CDC25C mutations define a founding pre-leukaemic clone, followed by stepwise acquisition of subclonal mutations that contribute to leukaemia progression. In three of seven individuals with CDC25C mutations, GATA2 is the target of subsequent mutation. Thus, CDC25C is a novel gene target identified in haematological malignancies. CDC25C is also useful as a clinical biomarker that predicts progression of FPD/AML in the early stage.
ABSTRACT. Medical records of dogs with colorectal polyps were retrospectively reviewed, and clinical presentation of inflammatory colorectal polyps in miniature dachshunds was evaluated. Of 33 dogs found to have colorectal polyps, miniature dachshunds were markedly over-represented with 16 dogs (48%), of which 12 (75%) were found to have inflammatory polyps. Multiple polyps localized between the rectum and the descending colon was the most common finding in miniature dachshunds with inflammatory polyps. Twenty dogs (80%) out of 25 miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps responded to immunosuppressive therapy using prednisolone and cyclosporine. The results of this study indicate that miniature dachshunds are predisposed to develop inflammatory colorectal multiple polyps, for which immunosuppressive therapy may be a treatment option. Polyps are an abnormal growth of tissue arising from the mucosa, including neoplasms and inflammatory polyps. In dogs, colorectal polyps are relatively common in the gastrointestinal tract. These polyps can be single or multiple and are most often located in the distal rectum, causing the common clinical signs of hematochezia or tenesmus. In previous reports, many colorectal polyps in dogs were found to be derived from neoplasms, with adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma being most frequently represented [11,25,32,33]. Adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma are observed as solitary masses in the rectum, and most polyps appear as friable, lobulated, sessile, or pedunculated lesions on the mucosa. Surgical resection has been recommended in dogs as treatment for colorectal polyps [2,5,21]. Endoscopic treatment for adenomatous polyps [7,10] and piroxicam for tubulopapillary polyps [15] have been reported as alternative therapies for colorectal neoplasms. On the contrary, inflammatory colorectal polyps are rare, and few reports have described the clinical features of inflammatory colorectal polyps [33]. In humans, inflammatory colorectal polyps or polypoid lesions occur in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory diseases of the colon such as ischemic or infective colitis [3,17,24]. These masses form mainly due to extensive mucosal damage and healing processes, rather than infiltration of inflammatory cells. The polyps formed from infiltration of inflammatory cells, which could be termed "true" inflammatory polyps, seem to be relatively rare in humans.This study was conducted on the basis of two objectives. First, we retrospectively investigated dogs with colorectal polyps to characterize the prevalence and clinical features of the disease in Japan. Second, we reviewed the clinical presentation and treatment response of cases with inflammatory colorectal multiple polyps in miniature dachshunds, which were markedly over-represented in our study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of colorectal polyps in dogs:We reviewed the medical records of 33 dogs found to have colorectal polyps at the Veterinary Medical Center of the University of...
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