A long-term hydrogen-based scenario of the global energy system is described in qualitative and quantitative terms here, illustrating the key role of hydrogen in a long-term transition toward a clean and sustainable energy future. In an affluent, low-population-growth, equity and sustainability-oriented B l-H2 world, hydrogen technologies experience substantial but plausible performance and costs improvements and are able to diffuse extensively. Corresponding production and distribution infrastructures emerge. The global hydrogen production system, initially fossil based, progressively shifts toward renewable sources. Fuel cells and other hydrogen-using technologies play a major role in a substantial transformation toward a more flexible, less vulnerable, distributed energy system which meets energy needs in a cleaner, more efficient and cost-effective way. This profound structural transformation of the global energy system brings substantial improvements in energy intensity and security of supply and results in an accelerated decarbonization of the energy mix, with subsequent relatively low climate impacts. Such energy-system path might still not be sufficient to protect against the risk of high climate sensitivities, but hydrogen-based technologies emerge as flexible options for the energy system and, thus, would be prime candidates for a risk management strategy against an uncertain climate future.

A quantitative assessment was carried out to evaluate the performance of iodine adsorption cartridges attached to gas and powered air-purifying respirators, under radioactive iodine concentrations, temperatures, and humidity conditions simulating the post-earthquake conditions at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The test was conducted at the temperature of 30°C, the radioactive iodine concentration (radioactive methyl iodine concentration) and humidity conditions were varied, radioactive methyl iodine was directly aerated into the adsorption cartridges for a maximum of 10 hours, and the radioactive iodine removal performance of the adsorption cartridges was assessed. Some adsorption cartridges demonstrated a radioactive iodine removal performance of 10 hours or more, while the performance of others decreased with higher relative humidity. Based on the results of these performance assessments, respirator-wearing guidelines at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station were established.