Green tea waste (GTW) is a naturally abundant material, and it has not been widely reused into more valuable materials. The composition of GTW was identified using NMR for carbohydrate composition, an element analyzer for protein content, acetone and hot water extraction for evaluating extractives, and Klason lignin for lignin content. GTW can be converted into nanoparticles by carboxymethylation as pretreatment of the degree of substitutions (DS) and high-pressure homogenizer for nanoparticle making. GTW was prepared using various DS 0 until DS 0.4. The results showed that GTW DS has a more than −30 mV zeta potential, suitable for stable nanoemulsion formulations. The particle size of GTW DS decreases with increasing carboxyl content in the hydrogel, which has a width and length from GTW DS 0.3 to DS 0.4. As a humectant, the water retention value (WRV) of GTW with various DS was increased; DS 0.3 is the best. DS 0.4 has the highest viscosity, storage, and loss modulus as rheology modifiers.

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Apple is widely produced and consumed worldwide. Substantial amounts of unused apple by-products, such as pomace, are produced by industrial activities. This study investigated the rheological properties of apple pomace powder with different cultivars prepared using carboxymethylation to varying degrees of substitution (DS) up to DS 0.4 and nanoprocessing using a high-pressure homogenizer. We found a high carboxyl content on cellulose in apple pomace nanoparticle (APN) cultivars and enhanced water retention value as a humectant with increased DS during pretreatment. The addition of carboxymethylation also significantly increased the consistency and spreading ability of the APN hydrogel until optimal state and decreased it at higher DS. The APN hydrogel had better water retention value than viscose and alginate. It also had better consistency than commercial humectants (i.e., glycerol and collagen) and a spreading ability that was comparable to other thickening agents (i.e., Carbopol 940, 941, 980, and Aristoflex).

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