Résumé -Au Gabon, le rôle du maraîchage périurbain est essentiel à l'approvisionnement des villes en légumes frais, notamment à Libreville et Owendo. Lors d'une enquête menée dans trois périmètres maraîchers, un état des lieux a été réalisé sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques, la diversité des plantes cultivées et les pesticides utilisés. Les superficies exploitées vont de 0,08 ha à 0,4 ha par maraîcher selon les sites. Les exploitants interrogés sont à 51 % originaires du Gabon alors que 40 % sont originaires du Burkina Faso. Les espèces les plus cultivées tout au long de l'année sont l'amarante (Amaranthus hybridus L.), la laitue (Lactuca sativa L.), l'oseille de guinée (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), la morelle noire (Solanum nigrum L.). Les ravageurs les plus importants sont les Aphididae et quelques coléoptères. Les produits phytopharmaceutiques les plus utilisés sont des insecticides neurotoxiques conventionnels. Une meilleure maîtrise du suivi des cultures, une vulgarisation en protection des cultures y compris sur l'emploi des pesticides ainsi que la possibilité de développer des systèmes de micro-crédits aux petits producteurs permettraient d'augmenter la production légumière périurbaine et sa qualité sanitaire, ainsi que d'accroître l'autonomie alimentaire locale.Mot clés : légumes / maraîchage / Afrique centrale / ravageur / pesticide Abstract -Peri-urban market gardening in Libreville and Owendo (Gabon): farmers' practices and sustainability. In Gabon, peri-urban gardening is an opportunity to provide vegetables to the main cities, such as Libreville and Owendo. Following a survey conducted in three market gardening areas, an inventory was conducted on the socio-economic characteristics, the diversity of crops, and pesticide uses. The cropped areas range from 0.08 ha to 0.4 ha per farmer, according to the site. National operators represent 51%, while people from Burkina Faso manage 40% of vegetable production. The most cultivated species throughout the year are amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Guinea sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). The most important pests are Aphididae and some beetles. The most commonly used plant protection products are insecticides, mainly conventional neurotoxic. Best crop monitoring, pest control including pesticide application reduction, and the possibility to offer microcredit systems to small producers would help increasing peri-urban healthy vegetable production and increase local food autonomy.
Banana (Musa spp.) is grown throughout the tropical and subtropical areas. The Black Sigatoka, however, represents a major threat to world production. This study evaluates the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 on four plantain cultivars with different resistance against Mycosphaerella fijiensis. The mycorrhized banana plantlets of four cultivars were grown under greenhouse and the effect of AMF on micropropagated banana plantlets was evaluated. After 35 days, the height and the diameter of the pseudostem, then the leaf area were measured. The significant effect of the cultivar on the height of the pseudostem and the leaf area and significant effect of M. fijiensis on the diameter of the pseudostem, the height of the pseudostem and the leaf area were obtained. Plants infected with M. fijiensis show more symptoms of the disease than healthy plants. Symptoms were delayed in bananas inoculated with AMF compared to bananas not inoculated with AMF. The disease progressed more rapidly in cultivars Bâtard and C292 than in cultivars CRBP39 and F568. These results suggest that AMF may decrease symptoms of Sigatoka, at the early stage of infection with M. fijiensis. AMF may be a promising tool for the pre-adaptation of micropropagated banana plantlets. Keywords: Plantain, Rhizophagus irregularis, arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, disease control method.
Bees and elephant interactions are the core of a conservation curiosity since it has been demonstrated that bees, one of the smallest domesticated animals, can keep away elephants, the largest terrestrial animals. Yet, insects' parasites can impact the fitness and activity of the bees. Since their activity is critical to the repellent ability against elephants, this study assessed the impact of small hive beetles (Aethina tumida) on bee (Apis mellifera adansonii) reproduction and ability to keep forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) away. Because interspecies interactions are not easy to investigate, we have used camera traps and digital video to observe the activity of bees and their interactions with wild forest elephants under varying conditions of hive infestation with the small hive beetle, a common bee pest. Our results show that queen cells are good visual indicators of colony efficiency on keeping away forest elephants. We give evidences that small hive beetles are equivalently present in large and small bee colonies. Yet, results show no worries about the use of bees as elephant deterrents because of parasitism due to small hive beetles. Apis mellifera adansonii bees seem to effectively cope with small hive beetles showing no significant influence on its reproduction and ability to keep elephants away. This study also reports for the first time the presence of Aethina tumida as a constant beekeeping pest that needs to be addressed in Gabon.
Les sols ferralitiques présentent des problèmes de fertilité. Cette situation requiert une fertilisation raisonnée conciliant les exigences environnementales et les contraintes de production de plants. Cette étude vise à déceler l'apport de Jatropha curcas L. en matière organique grâce au compostage et par addition de la sciure de bois. Les substrats ont été mis dans des sachets en polyéthylène pour recevoir les fèves de cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) semées à plat. Ils se composent de 40% de compost de Jatropha curcas et de 60% de terre, puis de 40% d'un compost de Jatropha curcas avec la sciure de bois et 60% de terre. Le témoin est constitué uniquement de terre. Il ressort de la comparaison des paramètres de germination et de croissance des plants qu'il existe uniquement une différence significative pour le diamètre au collet dans le substrat 1 par rapport aux deux autres, selon le test de Newman-Keuls. Le substrat composé de J. curcas et de 60% de terre est le mieux indiqué pour la production de plants de cacaoyers sains et vigoureux dans ces conditions. Il serait souhaitable d'utiliser un compost mature lors des études complémentaires.
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