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Reformulation is remarkably frequent in discourse and has been the subject of much work in spoken languages, both on written and oral data. Because of its metalinguistic nature, combined with its general aim of clarifying an expression, the act of reformulation offers a window to the way speakers process and adjust their expression in discourse. However, to date, the study of reformulation has hardly taken into account the now increasingly recognized multimodal and semiotically composite nature of language. This study aims to revisit the notion of reformulation from a multimodal perspective by comparing the use and semiotic composition of reformulations in the discourse of speakers and signers, as well as in the productions of interpreters. In doing so, we lay the foundations for a comparative study of discourse in signed and spoken language that accounts for the multimodality and semiotic complexity of language practices in different human ecologies.

Cette proposition s'inscrit dans un large projet d'analyse des reformulations multimodales (RM) dans la construction du discours : décrire les relations qu'entretiennent trois canaux sémiotiques multimodaux (la parole (S1), la gestualité co-verbale (S2) et les supports de présentation (S3)) dans des discours scientifiques. L'objectif est de décrire comment les reformulations multimodales participent au caractère performant du discours, à la construction de sa cohérence. Les RM sont étudiées du point de vue interne à chaque système sémiotique (S1, S2, S3) et du point de vue du croisement d'un système à l'autre (rapport S1/S2, S1/S3, S2/S3 et S1/S2/S3). L'analyse en cours s'opère comme suit : repérage des passages où se trouvent des RM et les canaux mobilisés, annotation des données, analyse quantitative et qualitative des RM et des croisements, identification des paradigmes d'utilisation (des prestations sans RM à celles qui exploitent abondamment les croisements sur les 3 niveaux). Contrairement à ce qui a été avancé par d'autres, mon hypothèse est qu'il ne s'agit pas de deux (voire trois) discours distincts et simultanés. Je considère que la linéarité (de S1 d'une part, de S3 d'autre part) et la simultanéité des trois sources d'information (S1, S2 et S3) s'entrecroisent dans la construction d'un discours unique mais plurisémiotique.Abstract. Reformulations in multimodal discourses: the case of TEDx talks. This paper falls within in a larger research framework dedicated to multimodal reformulations (MR) in academic discourses. It is intended to describe the relationships between three semiotic channels: speech (S1 as "first Semiotic System"), co-speech gesture (S2) and visual supports (S3) as Power Point and Prezi. The aim is to investigate how MR are used in the discourse construction and in its cohesion. MR are examined within an internal perspective, that is, each channel (S1-S2-S3) for itself and within a cross-channel perspective from one channel to another (links S1/S2, S1/S3, S2/S3 and S1/S2/S3). The analysis process occurs in several stages: 1) tracking of the MR discourse parts and of the channels concerned, 2) annotating the data, 3) analyzing (qualitatively and quantitatively) the MR and of their crossing points and 4) identifying some paradigms of MR uses (a continuum between discourses without any MR and discourses with a wide range of MR at the three levels). Unlike a common belief in the field, I assume that the three channels are not two (or three) different simultaneous discourses. Rather, the linearity (of S1 on the one hand and of S3 on the other) and the simultaneity of the three channels (S1-S2-S3) overlap in order to construct one unique but plurisemiotic discourse.