While certain postural defects appear to be common to all families of instruments, others are more characteristic of some families than others. The instrument associated with the best posture quality was the bagpipe, followed by percussion and strings.

Martínez-Vidal A, Prada A, Díaz MP, Martínez-Patiño MJ. Effect of a combined program of physical activity and intellectual activity in the cognitive functioning of the elderly. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 462-473, 2011. Aerobic exercise done in an enriched environment with intellectual activity seems to improve cognitive performance associated with the aging process of humans, although the results can sometimes be contradictory. The objective of the present study was to ascertain to what degree the practice of combined aerobic exercise and memory strategies improve the cognitive functioning, in general, and to a more concrete measure in the cognitive memory domain of the elderly. Sixteen subjects, the majority of which were women with only two of which were men, participated in the investigation. The average age of all participants was 71. A prospective, longitudinal, and intra-subject design was to evaluate the cognitive abilities before and after the intervention, using a modified Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) as the instrument of measure. The intervention lasted over a period of eight months and consisted in a physical activity program based upon various abilities of displacement as well as association, sequential, and imagination memory strategies. The recall differential variable presented statistical differences significant at the 95% confidence interval to the degree pre and post intervention (t= -4.842; sig = 0.000; with the limits at -1.71028 y -0.66472) while the other cognitive domains showed general improvement in the post-intervention measures although no reaching significant levels. On the other hand, it was demonstrated by Cochran´s Q test that after the intervention, an overall incremental improvement existed in the number of subjects that responded correctly to all items in each cognitive domain, being most prominent and the only significant percent of subjects that after the program responded correctly to all of the items in the recall (0.011). No significant improvements were shown in the terms of age group nor in terms of initial cognitive function (U of Mann Whitley), however, the subjects who initially had the lowest cognitive level are among those that benefited the most from the program.

The aim of this article is to clarify, review and reflect on the importance of the Olympic movement main principles on nowadays sporting society. For this purpose, the paper goes through the contents of the Olympic Charter, the threats to humanist thinking, the Olympic Games history and the most recent contributions to the Olympic philosophy. Similarly, this article goes deep on the figure of Pierre de Coubertin as the precursor of modern Olympic Games leading to the development of a relationship between the Olympic phenomenon and the need to establish an ethic conduct that embraces all the sports grandeur. Thus, the contribution of this Olympic education is used, through its principles of peace, personal development, equality and ecology in the next generations to come.

Physical exercise is known to have beneficial effects on healthy individuals, but there are insufficient data concerning the effects of physical exercise in chronic end-stage kidney failure patients on haemodialysis. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of a regular moderate physical exercise programme on body composition, nutritional status, cardiovascular risk factors, and haemodialysis (HD) treatment in chronic end-stage kidney failure (CESKF) patients on haemodialysis. Twenty-nine HD patients on a 6-month physical exercise programme and who were non-randomly assigned to an experimental or control group in two hospitals in Spain (Jaén and Úbeda Hospital) underwent whole body composition analysis (body fat, muscle, bone, body fluids, and mass regionalization) using non-invasive, reliable, valid, standardized, low-cost, easily transportable methods, i.e., bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and anthropometric analysis, to gather pre-physical exercise and post-physical exercise haemodialysis data.Key words: Physical exercise, kidney failure, haemodialysis, anthropometry, bioimpedance, impedance spectroscopy.Reference Data: Zagalaz ML, Peña P, Martínez A, Mateos C, Martínez MJ. The effects of physical exercise in chronic end-stage kidney failure patients on haemodialysis.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre la práctica de actividades de expresión corporal y la creatividad motriz. Para medir los niveles de creatividad motriz se administró una adaptación del test Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement de Torrance (1981a, 1981b) a una muestra de 22 alumnos de Educación Primaria practicantes y no practicantes de actividades de expresión corporal. Los datos obtenidos indican que los niveles más elevados de creatividad corresponden al grupo de practicantes en fluidez, flexibilidad, originalidad y expresividad, encontrándose diferencias significativas en todos los indicadores excepto en originalidad. Los resultados parecen sugerir que las actividades de expresión corporal favorecen la capacidad creativa del alumnado. Palabras clave: expresión corporal, creatividad motriz, desarrollo, educación física.Abstract: The objective of this study is analyze the relation between the practice of bodily expression activities and motor creativity. In order to evaluate the motor creativity levels we use an adaptation of the test Thinking creatively in Action and Movement (Torrance,1981a, 1981b) in 22 participants of Primary Education practising and no practising of bodily expression. The dates obtained show that the higher levels of creativity are in the practising group for fluency, flexibility, originality and expression, finding significative diferences in all the creative indicators except originality. Our results seem demostrate that bodily expression activities contribute to develop creative capacitie of pupils. Keywords: bodily expression, motor creativity, development, physical education.