Long-term persistence of immunity was assessed in 66 patients who had contracted tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and in 126 subjects who had completed primary TBE immunization using a conventional three-dose schedule from 3 to 8 years earlier. Immunity was tested in the subjects stratified by age as follows: ≤40 years (N = 37); 41-60 years (N = 100); and over 60 years (N = 55). Antibody levels decreased significantly with increasing age in the vaccinated cohort by comparison with the individuals who had previously contracted TBE. Consistently higher geometric mean antibody levels were found in the patients infected naturally. When the vaccinated subjects were compared, subjects ≤40 years old had significantly higher antibody levels than either of the older groups. Analyzing immunity to TBE over time revealed a remarkable (50%) decline in seroprotection rates in the vaccinated group at 50 months of follow-up, while stable, high levels persisted in all subjects after natural TBE infection. In the vaccinees over 60 years old, the TBE antibody levels reached 60% at 60 months, and 20% at 70 months of follow-up; in contrast, in the 41-60-year-old group, the antibody levels remained high for 70 months, and then fell rapidly. For people aged <60 years old, booster doses are recommended every 5 years after the fourth dose of vaccine, which should be administered 3 years after primary immunization. In subjects aged 60 years or older, booster doses should be given every 3 years.

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BackgroundWith the control of many infections through national vaccination programmes, varicella is currently the most widespread preventable childhood disease in industrialized nations. In 2005 varicella vaccination was added to the Veneto Region routine immunization schedule for all children at 14 months of age and 12 year-old susceptible adolescents through an active and a free of charge offer. To evaluate parameters at the start of the programme, we conducted a study to describe the epidemiology of varicella infection and coverage rates for varicella vaccine in the Veneto Region (North-East Italy).MethodsWe examined incidence rates and median age of case patients in the Veneto Region for 2000-2007 period using two data sources: the mandatory notification of infections diseases and the Italian Paediatric Sentinel Surveillance System of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Corrected coverage rates were calculated from data supplied by the Public Health and Screening Section of the Regional Department for Prevention.ResultsIn the Veneto Region from 2000 to 2007, a total of 99,351 varicella cases were reported through mandatory notifications, mostly in children under 15 years of age. The overall standardised annual incidence ranged from 2.0 to 3.3 per 1,000 population, with fluctuations from year to year. The analysis by geographic area showed a similar monthly incidence rate in Italy and in the Veneto Region. The vaccination average adherence rate was 8.2% in 2004 cohort, 63.5% in 2005 cohort and 86.5% in 2006 cohort. Corrected coverage rates were 8.1% in 2004 cohort, 59.9% in 2005 cohort and 70.0% in 2006 cohort, respectively.ConclusionData from passive and active surveillance systems confirm that varicella is a common disease which each year affects a large proportion of the population, mainly children. Uptake of the varicella vaccination programme was strikingly good with average coverage rates of about 70% after only 3 years. Sustained implementation of existing vaccine policies is needed to warrant any significant reduction of varicella incidence in the Veneto Region. Continued surveillance will be important to monitor the impact of the recently introduced mass vaccination policy.

BackgroundThis study evaluates the epidemiological impact of RVGE hospitalisation in the Veneto Region during the period spanning from 2000-2007 along with the associated costs. The analysis was conducted in an area where rotavirus vaccination is not included into immunization programmes and is an attempt to assess the potential benefits of such introduction.MethodsTo update the estimates of acute RVGE hospitalisation rates in children ≤5 years in the Veneto Region, we conducted an 8 year retrospective observational population-based analysis (2000-2007).ResultsOver the study period, a total of 4,119 admissions for RVGE were reported, with a mean hospital stay of 3.5 days. The population-based hospitalisation RVGE incidence rate was 195.8 per 100,000 children aged ≤5 years (lower than other European countries).ConclusionsRVGE is an important cause of paediatric hospitalisation in the Veneto Region. The data reaffirm the substantial burden of rotavirus hospitalisations in children and the potential health benefits of the vaccination as well as the possibility of adding rotavirus vaccination to the current schedule.

Background: Unresectable gastric or pancreatic malignancies are the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). Although several authors reported better outcomes in patients submitted to gastric partitioning gastrojejunostomy (GPGJ) compared to conventional gastrojejunostomy (CGJ), clinical experience with GPGJ is poor, studies comparing the two techniques are few and no randomized trials were performed. Our systematic review aimed at comparing GPGJ (partial or complete) with CGJ in patients operated for GOO for gastric or pancreatic cancer.Methods: A computerized literature search was performed on Medline until January 2017. The studies included were 8 with a total of 226 patients. Study outcomes included delayed gastric emptying (DGE), nutrition by oral intake, length of hospital stay and survival time. The pooled effects were estimated using a fixed effect model or random effect model based on the heterogeneity test. Results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous outcomes. For continuous outcomes, the mean of the measures of central tendency was calculated. Results:The GPGJ group had lower rates of DGE (OR =4.997, 95% CI: 2.310-10.810) and length of hospital stay (19.7 versus 23.3 days) and higher rates of nutrition by oral intake (OR =0.156, 95% CI: 0.055-0.442) and survival time (189.2 versus 115.2 days).Conclusions: GPGJ is associated with lower rates of DGE and higher rates of normal oral intake compared to CGJ with a tendency towards better survival in the GPGJ group. Multicenter randomized controlled trials would be required to confirm these results.