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The exposure environment in small arms firing ranges is dynamic since ventilation conditions vary in space and time and instructors continuously move around throughout the range. Understanding the impact of engineering controls and instructor behavior on the levels of particulates and gases in the breathing zone is required for providing recommendations to mitigate exposure. In this study, video exposure monitoring (VEM) and position tracking technologies were used in conjunction with real-time measurements of ultrafine particle (UFP) and carbon monoxide (CO) exposures in the breathing zone of instructors in an enclosed small arms firing range. VEM was completed using Enhanced Video Analysis of Dust Exposure 2.1 developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. With this program, video recordings of Combat Arms instructor activity were synced with exposure data collected in real-time during small arms training. Position tracking was completed using a system by Pozyx, which uses ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. Position tracking data was aligned with real-time sensor data via time-synchronization. VEM identified that the largest peaks in UFP and CO concentrations generally occurred when instructors were close to the firing line assisting shooters during live fire and when instructors were located near the center of the range near the back wall where the air supplies transition between the Left-Hand-Side (LHS) and Right-Hand-Side (RHS). The UWB position tracking results agreed with the VEM results, confirming that peak exposures occurred when firing range instructors were near the center of the range close to the back wall where the LHS and RHS air supplies transition. Without these exposure visualization technologies, this observation could not have been made. Thus, exposure visualization is a valuable tool to identify gaps in exposure assessment, although future technologies should focus on automation to expedite analysis.

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